Political dictionary

Power - the right and opportunity to dispose of someone, something, to subordinate it to one’s will.

Civil society - this is a set of extra-state social relations and associations that express the diverse interests and needs of members of society, while the individual and organizations of citizens are protected by laws from direct interference by government authorities.

Citizenship - a stable political and legal connection between a person and the state, presupposing certain rights, duties and responsibilities.

Constitution - the fundamental law of the state, a normative act that has the highest legal force, defining the foundations of the state system, the organization of state power, and the relationship of the state with citizens. (adopted by popular referendum on December 12, 1993 )

Policy – the sphere of relationships between social groups for the implementation of common interests with the help of political power.

Political power – the ability and opportunity to pursue a certain policy using political parties, organizations, and the state.

Political life – various forms of interaction between political participants associated with the struggle for power, with the development and adoption of government decisions.

State - an organization of political power that manages society and has sovereignty.

Form of government - This is a way of organizing the supreme state power.

Types of forms of government:

Monarchy ( ogr. monarchia - autocracy, autocracy):

absolute ( Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia);

dualistic (Jordan, Morocco, Nepal);

parliamentary (Great Britain, Norway, Sweden).

Republic ( from lat. res-publica - public matter, state):

presidential (Argentina, Brazil, USA);

semi-presidential (mixed) (Austria, Russia, France);

parliamentary (Germany, India, Italy, Switzerland).

Form of state-territorial structure - this is a way of interconnecting the territorial entities of the state, enshrined in the constitution.

Unitary state – state form device, in which its parts are administrative-territorial units and do not have the status of state formation (Japan, Ukraine, Poland

Federation – state form device in which territorial parts are state. entities-subjects of the federation (Russia, Germany, USA, Mexico)

Confederation – state form device, a voluntary association of independent countries or republics that retain sovereignty (European Union, CIS, USA until 1865

Typology of political regimes - the way the political system functions. System of methods for exercising power

Democracy – a political regime that gives citizens the right to participate in political decision-making and elect their representatives to government bodies.

(a political regime in which the people are the source of power)

Principles:

Democracy

Majority principle , the will of the majority is revealed through elections and referendums

Respect for minority rights – the right of the minority to oppose

Parliamentarism - state power in which the leading role belongs to the people's representation - parliament

Political pluralism (diversity) multi-party system, diversity of political ideas, media, etc.

Publicity – openness of the activities of political institutions, accessibility of information, freedom of speechConstitutional state , the basis of which is the rule of law and the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens

Monopoly on power of one group, one party;

The leader is the national leader;

The role of representative bodies is insignificant;

Political opposition is allowed but is strictly controlled by states

Use of the armed forces to maintain power;

Rights and freedoms are declared, but in practice they are often violated;

Freedom of economic activity is maintained;

Power is based on the army and the church, traditions are maintained.

Totalitarianism Total state control;

Mutual surveillance and denunciation;

The special role of the ruling party led by the leader;

There is no opposition;

Power is completely uncontrolled by society;

The official ideology of one party;

Mass terror and repression.

Democracy and its forms

Direct (immediate)

Power is exercised by the people themselves without political intermediaries.

Elections based on universal suffrage

Referendums

Gatherings and meetings of citizens

Citizens' appeals to authorities

Rallies, demonstrations

Representative

Exercising power by representatives of the people - deputies

It is necessary to have a representative legislative body - PARLIAMENT

The process of representative democracy involves professional politiciansiki

Functions of the state

1. Internal :

Economic

Social protection

Taxation

Protective (law and order

2. External : defense, economic cooperation, etc..

Signs of the state

1.Territory

2.Public power

3. System of law

4. Sovereignty of power (supremacy and independence)

5.Exclusive right to collect taxes

6.Unified monetary system

CONSTITUTIONAL STATE- this is a type of state whose activities are really limitedright, there is a separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial), a guarantee of individual rights and freedoms and control over power by society

Signs of the rule of law

Rule of law in society

Submission to the law of all citizens and the state itself, its bodies and officials

Human rights, their protection and guarantee

Human rights express his freedom, but it cannot be absolute.

The principle of separation of state powers

The principle of mutual responsibility of the state and the individual (responsibility of the government before representative bodies, legal responsibility of public persons before the law, impeachment)

THE CONSIGNMENT (parties, pars– part, group) – a group of like-minded people united in a political organization for the purpose of expressing and protecting the interests of a certain social group of society

Political goal PARTS

Common ideology

Expression of interests of certain social groups

The struggle to gain political power - claims to power and participation in power - is the most important feature of the party

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS – solidary (joint) activity of citizens aimed at achieving any significant political goal

Political goal MOVEMENTS

No common ideology

They do not set goals for coming to power

Mass base

After achieving the goal, they may disintegrate, or they may turn into a party

Batch classification Those in power

Rights

Fascists

Monarchists

Clerical (related to religious morality(

Left

Social Democrats

Communists

Anarchists

Center

Liberals

Pro-government parties

Elections - the procedure for electing someone by voting.

Referendum – resolution of the most important issues of public and state life by direct vote of voters.

The electoral process is a set of actions in the election process

Elections : General Equal Secret Direct

Active suffrage

The right of citizens to participate in the political life of the country

All citizens over 18 years of age participate.

Passive suffrage

The right of a citizen to be elected to representative bodies of the state

Electorate From lat. Elector- voter

Absenteeism – election evasion

1. Lobbying (lobby )=pressure groups;

2. Lobbying - the process of promoting the interests of individuals and corporate structures in order to achieve the adoption of a political decision beneficial to them

Election system

Proportional system - voting on party lists. Voters come to vote and are presented with several lists compiled according to the party affiliation of the candidates. The voter marks the list of the party with which he sympathizes. When counting votes, parties receive a number of seats in parliament proportional to the number of votes cast for these parties (in Russia - if parties pass the 7% threshold).

Majoritarian system involves determining the voting results in such a way that the candidate who received the majority (absolute or relative) of votes in a given electoral district is considered elected; Moreover, the electoral districts are single-member, i.e. only one deputy or deputies from only one list can be elected according to them.

Conditions under which a citizen of the Russian Federation does not have the right to vote and be elected

Declaration of his incompetence in court;

being in prison by court verdict.

Impeachment is a procedure for depriving senior officials of their powers who have committed a gross violation of the law.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Donbass State Engineering Academy (DSMA)

DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL TERMS

for students of all specialties and forms of study

Approved at a meeting of the methodological council

Protocol No. from

Kramatorsk

Dictionary of political terms: for students of all specialties and forms of study / comp. A. A. Luzan, A. V. Boroday, A. P. Kvasha. – Kramatorsk: DSMA, 2014. – 33 p.

Absenteeism (from the Latin Absents - absent) is one of the forms of conscious boycott of elections by voters, refusal to participate in them; passive protest of the population against the existing form of government, political regime, manifestation of indifference to the exercise by a person of his rights and responsibilities. In the everyday view, absenteeism can be understood as the fact of the population’s indifferent attitude to political life, the philistine idea of ​​individuals that nothing depends on them in politics,” politics “isn’t my business,” etc.

Agents of political socialization – is a system of specially created or naturally formed institutions and bodies,

whose functioning is aimed at the development of individuals, primarily through political upbringing and education. Agents of political socialization are usually divided into political

(state and specialized political institutions, parties,

social movements) and non-political (family, education system,

work, informal social circle, church, media).

Geopolitics (from the gr. geo - earth, politike - politics) - direction

in political science which examines the influence of spatial geographical factors on the domestic and foreign policies of states and nations, studies the dependence of government actions

primarily on the geographical location of the state (“water” and “land”) and spatial location among other states.

State (from the English State; country, nation – country) – 1) power-

political organization of society with sovereignty,

having a monopoly right to coercion in a certain territory, a system of governing bodies that ensures the integrity of society and its development 2) the country itself with this kind of political organization. The main features of the state; a) the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions (state mechanism) exercising power functions, b) law establishing a certain system of norms,

state-sanctioned; c) a certain territory with a population over which the jurisdiction of a given State extends.

Civil society– (civil society) – a term used in different meanings: 1) the sphere of free, creative life of individuals, groups and associations, which functions outside the limits of state coercion; 2) a society at a certain stage of development in which non-state structures operate that have voluntarily formed in the economic,

social and cultural spheres of human life and are able to influence the actions of the authorities.

Interest groups- mostly voluntary associations,

adapted or specially created by people to express and defend their powerful interests in relations with the state, as well as other political institutions. The theory of interest groups was first formulated by the American political scientist A.

Bentley, who argued that the basis of the political process is the clash and interaction of interest groups.

The American scientist viewed the activities of these groups as a constantly changing process during which pressure is exerted on the government to force it to submit to their will. IN

Subsequently, this approach received support and was developed in the works of R.

Dahl, D. Easton G. Lasky and others.

Two-party political system - (two-party system) - a type of party system in which there are only two political parties

(“parties in power”) have a real chance of winning the elections. This usually means that all or almost all elected parliamentary seats are held by members of the two parties receiving the majority of votes, and

also that these parties alternately form the government in parliamentary democracies or obtain the presidency in presidential ones.

Democracy (from the Greek demos - people, kratos - power) is a form of state-political structure of society, based on the recognition of the people as the source of power. The basic principles of democracy are the rule of the majority, equality of citizens, protection of their rights and freedoms, the rule of law, separation of powers, election of the head of state, the presence of opposition, representative and judicial bodies,

taking into account the opinion of the minority. A distinction is made between direct (major decisions are made directly by all citizens at meetings or through referendums) and representative (decisions are made by elected bodies) democracy. The term “democracy” is also used in relation to the organizations and activities of political and social institutions (for example, party democracy,

industrial democracy).

political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic and philosophical views and ideas, in which people’s attitudes to reality are recognized and assessed through the prism of class interests,

social layers and groups; 2) a national variety of ideological movements, which involves the formulation of significant problems of power as components of the solution to the national question. Develops a program to ensure the cultural independence and freedom of nations,

sets goals for the political behavior of citizens based on their national identification.

Electoral system– a set of legal norms, rules governing the legislatively established process of organizing and conducting elections to bodies and institutions of state power, consisting of a set of rules and techniques leading to the free expression of the will of the population. The electoral system consists of many interrelated elements, which together make up its functional purpose. The starting point among them is suffrage, that is, the right of citizens to elect and be elected to government bodies. The electoral system depends on many factors operating in a particular country. Therefore, the variety of electoral systems in general comes down to three main ones: majoritarian,

proportional and mixed.

Electoral technologies is a set of techniques, methods,

methods of influencing voters, aimed at influencing their voting behavior. Development of electoral technologies

includes the development of strategy and tactics of the election campaign,

creating the candidate’s image, planning and forecasting the course of the election campaign.

A cadre party is a party consisting of professional politicians and parliamentarians, focused mainly on elections and united around a group of leaders - a political committee. The committee is the main structural element of cadre parties. Committees are cohesive, authoritative groups with the skills to work among the population. Conducting and organizing election campaigns is their main purpose.

The activities of committees usually intensify on the eve of and during the election campaign for parliament or local authorities and fade away after its end. In parties built on the basis of committees, which can be considered as their primary organizations,

There is no membership system with appropriate registration and regular payment of membership fees. European liberal and conservative parties for the most part are cadre parties.

Coalition political– (from medieval Latin Coalitio – union) –

1) political or military union of two or more states,

those who agreed on joint actions in certain issues of international relations (for example, the anti-Hitler coalition of states in World War II); 2) an agreement developed by parties or public figures for the implementation of joint actions.

traditional values ​​and orders, social or religious

doctrines. In politics - a direction that defends the value

state and public order, rejection of “radical” reforms and extremism. In foreign policy, there is a focus on strengthening security, the use of military force, and support for traditional allies; in foreign economic relations, there is protectionism. IN

In conservatism, the main value is the preservation of the traditions of society, its institutions and values.

Constitution - (from the Latin Constitutio - structure) - the fundamental law of the state, a legal act that proclaims and guarantees the rights

freedom of man and citizen, determines the foundations of the social system,

the form of government and government, the basis of the organization of central and local authorities, their competence and relationships, state symbols and the capital.

Confederation - (Late Latin confoederatio - union,

association) – 1) a form of union of states in which the states included in the union retain their sovereignty in full. The Confederation combines the features of both international legal and state

organizations. Within the confederation, each member state

retains its political independence, constitution, legal and national financial system, and its own armed forces. IN

the subject matter of the confederation includes a small range of issues (usually war and peace, foreign policy, the formation of a unified army, communications systems, etc.). To develop a common policy, general authorities are established, to which representatives from each participating state are delegated. However, the decisions of these bodies are

Subjects of the confederation have the right to freely secede from it; 2)

The name of any public or other organizations that based their organization on the principles of the confederation (for example,

Confederation of Independent Trade Unions).

Corruption (from Latin corruptio – bribery) – socially dangerous

a phenomenon in the sphere of politics and public administration, expressed in the deliberate use by persons authorized to perform state functions of their status and associated opportunities for obtaining material, not provided for by law,

other benefits and advantages in both personal and group interests, and

also the illegal provision of these benefits and advantages to them;

merging of state structures with the structures of the criminal world in the economic sphere. The most typical manifestations of corruption are bribery of officials and public and political figures, bribery for the legal and illegal provision of benefits and advantages,

protectionism – promotion of workers based on the principles of kinship,

community, personal devotion and friendly relations. Corruption is becoming widespread in the context of the expansion of the bureaucracy and its transformation into a special social stratum with power privileges. This phenomenon has become widespread in post-Soviet countries.

Far right (radical right, ultra-right) - terms

used to refer to a group or individual on the right side of the political spectrum. Far-right politicians support the principle of supremacism - the belief that the superiority of some individuals and groups and the inferiority of others is innate and objective.

Department of History and Political Science

BRIEF DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL TERMS

Krasnodar, 2005

The dictionary is intended for students of senior secondary schools, lyceums, vocational schools, technical schools, and students of higher educational institutions.

Compiled by: Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor E.M. Kharitonov,

Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor A.A. Ashkhamakhova,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, V.A. Simonenko

Responsible editor: Doctor of Sociological Sciences,

Professor E.M. Kharitonov

A
ABOLITIONISM(Latin abolitio - abolition, destruction) - a social movement of supporters of the abolition of any law. Most often, the term “abolitionism” was applied to the social movement for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery of blacks (mainly in the USA), which arose in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

AUTHORITARIANISM(from Latin auctoritas - power, influence) - a political regime in which political power is exercised by a specific person (class, party, elite group) with minimal participation of the people, using dictatorial methods of management.

AUTOCHTHONIC NATIONS(gr. autos itself + chthon land) - the original, primordial population of the country, formed within the territory of a given state

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION(Latin agents - active ) – social institutions and factors (family, educational institutions, church, media, public and political institutions, processes of social and political life, etc.) involved in the process of socialization of the individual.

AGITATION (lat. agitatio - setting in motion) - oral, printed, visual political activity that influences the consciousness and mood of the masses in order to motivate them to activity. As means of propaganda - rallies, publications, speeches, posters, stands, etc.

AGGREGATION– technology for coordinating various microgroup positions within the framework of developing common political demands of a particular group

AGGRESSION(Latin agregsio - attack) - illegal, from the point of view of international law, the use of force by one or more states against the political independence and sovereignty of any state or people with the aim of seizing territory, changing the political or social system.
ADAPTATION(Middle century Latin adaptatio - adaptation) – 1) adaptation of existing domestic legal norms to the new international obligations of the state without making any changes to its legislation. 2) (from Latin adaptare - to adapt) - the process of interaction of an individual (group) with the social environment, during which the prevailing norms and values ​​of a given society, class, group are learned, and the environment is changed in accordance with new conditions and goals of activity, eg in connection with industrialization, urbanization, scientific and technological revolution. 3) Adaptation of political mechanisms (institutions of power, political parties, state systems) to the changing conditions of their existence.

ACCULTURATION – education, development)- the process of acquisition by one people of certain forms of culture of another people, occurring as a result of communication between these peoples; mastery by the subject of new values ​​and ideas.

POLITICAL ACTIVITY - active expression of the interests of an individual, group, party, social movement in the sphere of power relations.
DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES in politics - new political, social ideas and social movements, which represent an attempt to go beyond traditional ideas about the problems and conflicts that arose at the end of the 20th century.
ALLIANCE ( fr. alliance) - an alliance, an association of states, political parties, individuals on the basis of contractual obligations to achieve common goals.
ANARCHISM(Greek anarchia - lack of command, anarchy) - a set of heterogeneous political movements, a characteristic feature of which is the denial of all state power. Anarchists have a negative attitude towards political means of struggle - parties, organizations, since their activities are concentrated around the problems of influencing state power or conquering it.
ANNEXATION(from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community. It acts as part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology (for example, the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany).

ANOMY (gr. anomie – lack of law, organization) - a state of society characterized by the collapse of leading values ​​and attitudes, the disappearance of normative standards of behavior, widely shared judgments and, as a consequence, the growth of deviant behavior (including radicalism and extremism in politics). The term was introduced by E. Durkheim, who considered anomie to be the result of modernization and industrialization, which destroyed traditional society, which supported its system of social roles, connections, norms and values.

ANTAGONISM(gr. antagonisma - struggle) - a form of contradiction, characterized by the irreconcilability of opposing forces and public interests.

ANTI-SEMITISM - one of the forms of national and religious intolerance, expressed in hostility towards Jews.

APARTHEID (Afrikaans apartheid – separation) – a policy of restricting or depriving political, civil, socio-economic and other rights of any group of the population; the policy of racial discrimination pursued by the South African authorities until 1993-1994.

B
BALANCE OF POLITICAL POWERS(French Balance - scales) - a system of indicators that characterize the relationship or balancing of political forces in the rapidly changing political life of society and the state

G
GEGEMONY(from Greek hegemonfa - dominance) - the dominant position of a political force in relation to another political force.
GENOCIDE(from Greek genos - genus and lat. caedere - kill; lit. - destruction of gens) - actions committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part any national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such, a grave criminal offense.
GEOPOLITICS- a concept that characterizes the theory and practice of international relations based on the interconnection of geographical, geostrategic, socio-political, military, demographic, economic and other factors.
COAT OF ARMS- emblem, symbol noble family, city, individual, etc. State coat of arms - the official emblem of the state, placed on letterheads, seals, banknotes, coins, official documents, sometimes on state flag.
GERONTOCRACY(from the Greek geron - elder and kratos - power) - the predominance of elderly people in the ruling elite, the principle of management in which power belongs to the elders.
HYMN(Greek hymnos - solemn song) - a poetic and musical work glorifying the fatherland, the state, the most important historical events, and national heroes.
HEAD OF STATE- an official who occupies the highest place in the system of state bodies, ensuring the unity and stability of state power, personifying the state in domestic and foreign policy.
GLOBAL PROBLEMS modernity (Latin globus - ball) - the main, key problems on the solution of which the very existence, preservation and development of civilization depends. Such problems include: the growth of armament, unwise waste of natural resources, disease, hunger, poverty, etc.
HUNGER STRIKE- refusal to eat as a sign of protest against the actions of the authorities or in support of demands made against them; one of the forms of struggle between prisoners and strikers.
STATE- the main institution of the political system that manages society; a set of organizations and institutions that exercise power functions within a certain territory, defining the basis of economic, political and other relations.
STATENATIONAL- one of the most important principles of the organization of modern statehood, which arose as a result of the collapse of traditional social ties and a sharp increase in population mobility in the process of development of commodity-capitalist relations.
POLICE STATE - a term indicating the type of state and characterizing the political regime in it. As a rule, a police state is an implementation of one of the “strong state” paradigms.
STATE LEGAL - this is a form of organization and activity of state power, in which the state itself, all social communities, and the individual respect the law and are in the same relationship to it. Law acts as a way of interconnection between the state, society and the individual.
SOCIAL STATE- is a form of organization of state power, which is characterized by concern for the welfare of citizens, the creation of decent living conditions, equal opportunities for the realization of their talents and abilities, and a favorable living environment.
CIVIL SOCIETY- a social order in which a multi-structured economy, the rule of law, the democracy of the political system, and the operation of moral norms provide each citizen with a free choice of forms of economic and political activity. G. o. creates a self-regulating political system where the state exists for people, to satisfy their interests and needs.
CIVIL CONSENT - the presence of consensus, unanimity, coherence between the various social forces of civil society (or the majority of them) on the cardinal problems of public life, which determines the coordinated actions of citizens to resolve them
PRESSURE GROUPS- a unique element of the civil-political structure of society, representing people specially selected and trained to exert influence (pressure) on government decision-makers.
INTEREST GROUPS – these are voluntary organizations that express and represent the interests (political, economic, cultural, religious, leisure, etc.) of their members in relations with political institutions and organizations, as well as with other groups. Interest groups do not participate in elections and do not seek to participate in government.
HUMANISM(from Latin humanus - humane) - originally a social and cultural movement of the Renaissance; a worldview based on recognition of the dignity and freedom of the individual, his right to life, comprehensive development, the humanity of social relations, and concern for the welfare of people.
D
POLITICAL MOVEMENT– form, way of existence of politics.
DEBATE(French debates) - debate, discussion, exchange of opinions at any meeting or meeting. Parliamentary debates are an officially established procedure for the exchange of opinions between deputies on issues of legislation or government activities.
DISINFORMATION- dissemination of distorted or deliberately false information to achieve propaganda or other goals.
DEIDEOLOGIZATION- 1) a direction of political thought that involves exclusion ideology as a system of ideas and values ​​from the life of society and the institutions that form it; 2) activities aimed at eliminating ideological influence on the work of state or public structures.
DECLARATION(from Latin declaratio - announcement, proclamation) - a political statement on behalf of the state, government, party, organization.
DEMAGOGY(Greek demagogfa) - influencing people with flattery, false promises to achieve selfish goals.
DEMILITARIZATION- disarmament; prohibiting any state from building fortifications, having a military industry, or maintaining armed forces.
POPULATION POLICY - state or regional policies that stimulate or inhibit the growth of a country's population.
DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM - the guiding principle of the organizational structure of communist and workers' parties. Denotes the election of governing bodies from bottom to top, their periodic reporting to their party organizations and higher authorities, the subordination of the minority to the majority, etc. It was the basis for the organization of the state apparatus of the former socialist countries.
DEMOCRACY(Greek demos - people and kratos - power) - democracy in the state, a political regime in which methods and forms of participation of the people in government are established and put into practice; freedoms and equality of citizens enshrined in laws.
DEMOCRACY FORMAL- a form of state-political structure, when all the principles of democracy are formally present, but the fullness of power (means of production and political power) remains with a certain class (feudal democracy, proletarian democracy, etc.).
DEMONSTRATION(Latin demonstratio - showing) – public display of something; a mass procession with the aim of expressing socio-political sentiments, protest, demands, solidarity.
DENATURALIZATION(Latin de ... - abolition + naturalis - natural) - loss of a person’s status as a citizen or subject of the relevant state.
DENATIONALIZATION(Latin de ... - abolition + nationalization ) – return by the state of nationalized property to the previous owners.
DENUNCIATION(French denonciation, from Latin denuntiatio - notification) - in international law, the refusal of one of the parties to an international treaty to fulfill it; is carried out in the manner and within the terms usually provided for in the contract itself.
DEPORTATION(lat. deportatio) - expulsion, expulsion from the state. As a rule, it applies to foreigners and stateless persons during their illegal stay on the territory of the state.
DEPUTY(lat . deputatus - sent) - a person elected to a legislative or other representative body.
DESPOTISM(Greek despot - ruler) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power and lack of rights for its subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others.
POLITICAL DESTABILIZATION - a process aimed at destroying the stability of a political system.
DIAGNOSTICS POLITICAL (Greek diagnostics - ability to recognize) - the doctrine of political science methods and principles of knowledge of political phenomena and processes leading to a “diagnosis”, a qualified assessment of the political situation. Political diagnostics is, firstly, an analysis of the state of subjects and policy processes, identifying problems in their functioning and development trends. Secondly, it is a set of principles) and methods for establishing a political diagnosis and studying political processes.
DIALOGUE POLITICAL(Greek dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a way of publicly expressing political views, opinions, assessments, styles of political thinking of subjects.
DIVERGENCE(Latin divergere - to detect divergence) - an increase in the quantitative and qualitative diversity of political systems, processes, cultures.
DICTATOR(lat. dictator) - a ruler who has unlimited power, flouts laws and exercises sole control of the state with the help of violence.
DICTATORSHIP(lat. dictatura) - unlimited power of one person, small group, class. Historical types of dictatorship: tyranny, despotism, Caesarism, fascism, national socialism, dictatorship of the proletariat, authoritarianism, etc.
DYNASTY(Greek - dynasteia - power, domination) - a series of monarchs from the same family, succeeding each other on the throne.
DISCRIMINATION (lat. discriminatio - distinction) - restriction or deprivation of rights on political, racial, religious, social grounds.
DISSIDENT(Latin dissidens - dissenter) - a dissident person who does not agree with the dominant ideology.
DOGMATISM(from the Greek dogma) - a way of thinking that operates with unchanging concepts without taking into account new data from practice and science, specific conditions.
E
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT- advisory body of the European Communities (1957). Parliament elects the president, a presidium of 12 people and 5 assistants to the president.
EUROPEAN COUNCIL- a consultative political organization uniting 21 states of Western Europe.
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY(EEC)- the largest integration group uniting 12 countries of Western Europe (1957).
POLITICAL UNITY- a state of society in which different social groups reach agreement on political issues.
Z
STRIKE (STRIKE)- a means of struggle for the satisfaction of political and economic demands, which consists in an organized collective cessation of work.
LAW- a normative act adopted by the highest representative body of state power or by the direct expression of the will of the people (referendum) and regulating the most important social relations. According to the significance of the norms contained in the Law, they are divided into constitutional, organic and ordinary. The latter are for codification and current. In federal states, one can also distinguish federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Federation.
LEGISLATURE - one of the main types of state power, which, together with the executive and judicial, is the mechanism for the functioning of democracy.
BANNER- a cloth of a certain color, mounted on a pole and serving as an official symbol of the state, a sign of distinction of the state or affiliation with any organization, as well as a symbol of military valor (battle flag of the unit).

AND
IDENTIFICATION(Latin identificare - to identify) - the subject’s understanding of his belonging to a particular group community.
IDEOLOGY(gr. idea - thought) - a system of views, ideas and values ​​expressing the attitude of social groups, movements and parties to reality; usually exists in the form of concepts, doctrines, teachings that serve as the basis for political action. The way political elites influence public consciousness. In this case, Ideology may not be reflected by the broad masses.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM- a set of rules and techniques regulating the process of forming government bodies through voting during elections.
IMMIGRANTS(from Latin immigrans - moving in) - citizens of one state who settle permanently or for a long time in the territory of another state for political, religious and other reasons.
EMPIRE(lat. imperiura - having power, powerful) - originally the highest political power in Ancient Rome; a state headed by a monarch who has the title of emperor. Over time, the concept of “empire” has changed somewhat. An empire denotes a large state entity that unites several countries and peoples around a single political center under the auspices of a universal idea of ​​a civilizational, religious, ideological, and sometimes economic nature. Empire is one of the first forms of state organization of society, which has not lost its relevance in the modern world.
IMPEACHMENT(English impeachment) - a procedure for bringing to justice or removing from office senior government officials.
INAUGURATION(Latin inauguratio - beginning) - a solemn act during coronation or entry into a high public position.
INNOVATION(from Latin innovatio - renewal, change) - innovation, renewal.
POLITICAL INSTITUTE(from Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) - a component of the political life of society, existing in the form of organizations, institutions, associations of citizens vested with special powers and performing special socio-political functions. The activities of institutes are legalized and regulated by regulations.
POLITICAL INTEGRATION(from Latin integratio - restoration, replenishment of the whole) - unification, merging of political forces within state or interstate structures, political institutions in order to achieve a certain political community, stability of development of states and societies.
INTERNATIONALISM(6th Latin inter - between and natio - people) - 1) the concept of a supranational community of interests; 2) politics based on the unification of the interests of states, nations, peoples or classes, social strata and groups.
ISLAM(Arabic lit. - submission) - one of the world religions. Originated in the 7th century. in Arabia under the significant influence of Christianity and Judaism. The founder is the prophet Muhammad. The creed of Islam is set out in the Koran; Islam is widespread mainly in the countries of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Islamism in politics is determined by such important principles for the Islamic religion as unconditional monotheism, absolute submission to Allah, unquestioning submission of believers to the religious community and religious authorities, and the division of all people into “faithful” and “infidel.” Already in early Islam, the doctrine of “war for faith” - jihad - appeared.

Among the currents of Islam that influence the policies of Islamic states and parties, one should highlight the orthodox, liberal reformist, and radical extremist trends. The first is characterized by strict observance of the commandments of the Koran, subordination of secular life to religious principles, but at the same time a tolerant attitude towards non-Muslims. The reformist wing strives to separate secular power from the power of the clergy and to recognize the universal significance of human rights. Extremism is the most radical manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism.
EXECUTIVE POWER- one of the main types of state power and local government, ensuring the implementation of newly adopted legislative acts and other regulatory legal acts throughout the country or local territorial community of people.
ESTABLISHMENT(English establishment - influential circles, elite) - the ruling and privileged groups of society and the system of power subordinate to them.
TO
TOASUAL(lat. causalis from casus - case) - random, isolated, not generalizable.
Canton – 1) Federal unit (land) in Switzerland. 2) Small administrative-territorial unit in Belgium. 3) Electoral district in France.
CARTE BLANCHE(French carte blanche) – unlimited powers, complete freedom of action.
CATHOLICISM(Greek katholikos - universal) - one of the three main directions of Christianity (along with Orthodoxy and Protestantism), which took shape as a result of the split of Christian churches in the 11th century. Catholicism is widespread in Italy, Portugal, France, Belgium, Austria, Poland, Hungary, and Latin American countries. Based on the same Creed as Orthodoxy, Catholicism added the filioque to it (the origin of the holy spirit not only from God the father, but also from the son). The sources of doctrine are the Holy Scriptures and Holy Traditions. The organization of the Catholic Church is distinguished by its strict centralization and hierarchical nature. The head is the Pope, whose residence is the Vatican. In addition, Catholicism contains dogmas about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, her bodily ascension, the infallibility of the pope, a sharp distinction between the clergy and the laity, and celibacy.
CLASS(from Latin classis - rank) - a large group of people. Relations between classes are built on the principle of differences in their relationship to the means of production, enshrined in laws, their role in the social organization of labor, methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have.
CLERICALISM(from Latin clericalis - church) - a socio-political movement that requires strengthening the role of the church in the political and spiritual life of society.
COALITION(from Lat. coalesce - to unite) - association, union, agreement of states, political parties, trade unions and other organizations to achieve common (political, economic, military) goals.
COMMUNISM(from Latin communis - common) - the general name of a number of socialist concepts. IN Marxism- a socio-economic formation that replaces capitalism and is based on public ownership of the means of production, socio-economic equality and the free development of individuals.
COMPROMISE(lat. compromissum) - 1) settlement of disagreements through mutual concessions; 2) a method of resolving political conflicts, achieved through agreement between opposing parties; is ensured subject to a clear definition of the subjects of the dispute, awareness of the limits of concessions, and formalization of the results of the agreement reached.
COMPROMISE IN POLITICS(Latin compromissum - agreement) - a consciously concluded political agreement between opposing political forces (parties, organizations, states) expressing the interests of various layers and groups of society.
CONVERGENCE(from Latin convergere - to approach, converge) - a concept that substantiates the rapprochement of societies with different social systems and their merging into a kind of “mixed society”.
CONVERSION(Latin – transformation, change) – a policy of fundamental change in the military, militarized structure of society. Types: political, economic, educational, social, cultural, consumer, etc.

CONSENSUS(Latin consensus - agreement, unanimity) - decision-making on the basis of voluntary compromises, mutual equality, recognition of the interests of each party; the presence of unity of views and similar positions, expressed in unity of actions; general agreement on controversial issues.
CONSERVATIVE PARTIES - political organizations located on the right flank of the political spectrum, seeking to preserve the traditional social order in the face of transformations occurring under the influence of industrialization and revolutionary movements.
CONSERVATISM(lat. conservate - preserve, protect, "take care of preservation) - a political ideology advocating the preservation of the existing social order, primarily moral and legal relations embodied in the nation, religion, marriage, family, property
CONSTITUTIONALISM- a form of government based on the subordination of the state and civil society to legal norms, as well as on the principle of separation of powers.
CONSTITUTION(from Latin constitutio - construction) - the fundamental law of the state, which has the highest legal force, enshrining its political and economic system, establishing the principles of organization and activity of public authorities, management, courts, fundamental rights, freedoms and responsibilities of citizens.
COUNTER-REVOLUTION(fr. centre-revolution) is a political process that is the opposite of revolution.
Confederation (lat. Confoederatio-union, association) – 1) A form of interstate union, the basis of which is common political interests related to the coordination and implementation of joint actions of these states. 2) Union, association of any organizations, for example, the confederation of trade unions of Latin America. 3) A union of states that maintain an independent existence and unite only to coordinate some of their actions, usually foreign policy and military.
CONFLICT POLITICAL(from Latin conflictus - collision) - an acute clash of multidirectional political forces that arises as a result of opposing political interests; a way to resolve political contradictions.
CONFORMISM(Latin conformis - similar, similar) - passive acceptance of the existing order of things, prevailing opinions, etc.
CONFORMISM IN POLITICS(lit. conformis - similar, similar) - a method of political opportunism, which is characterized by passive acceptance of the existing order, the absence of one’s own political positions, principles, and “blind” imitation of any behavioral stereotypes dominant in a given political system.
CONFRONTATION(from Latin con - against and frons - forehead, front) - confrontation, confrontation, opposition of socio-political systems, military-political alliances, individual states, parties, socio-political movements, ideological concepts.
POLITICAL CONCEPT(lat. conceptio - understanding) - a form or level of political consciousness in which a metaphysical justification for any process of political life is given.
CORRUPTION(lat. corruptio) - bribery, corruption of public and political figures, officials, criminalization of the sphere of power and management.
CRATOLOGY(Greek kratos - power and logos - doctrine) is a science that studies numerous social phenomena related to power, comprehended through public institutions of power.
POLITICAL CRISIS- this is the state of the political system of society, expressed in the deepening and aggravation of existing conflicts, in a sharp increase in political tension.
XENOPHOBIA(gr. xenos - stranger + phobos - fear) - fear, hostility towards strangers.
POLITICAL CULT there is an anthropological phenomenon of politics, expressed in the deification of political leaders. The political cult is not an exclusive feature of Eastern societies, but is found in all societies (including Western ones) and in all periods of their development.
POLITICAL CULTURE- an integral part of public culture, which includes ideas, values ​​and norms that determine the characteristics of political institutions and processes of a given society, its political system.

L
LABILE(from lat. labilis) - unstable, weak, changeable.
LATENT(lat. latens - hidden) - hidden, not externally manifested.
LEGALITY(from Latin legalis - legal, legal) - a way of legitimizing the political order, which is based on legal documents and social norms.
LEGITIMACY OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY(lot. legitimus - legal) - recognition by the people and political forces of the legitimacy, legality of political power, its instruments, mechanisms of activity, as well as the methods of its election.
LIBERALISM(from Latin liberalis - free) - 1) a doctrine based on the principle of complete personal freedom. Based on the concepts of private entrepreneurship, competition, market, decentralized economic management; 2) a worldview based on the priority of individualism, tolerance, humanism, and the enduring value of the individual; 3) political orientation associated with the concepts of the rule of law, human rights, parliamentarism, and reformism.
LIBERAL PARTIES- political organizations that occupy right-of-center positions on the political scale of modern states, defending the idea of ​​individual freedom as the most important component of their program settings.
LEADER(English leader - leader) - a person who is able to influence other people, organize their joint activities to achieve certain goals.
LOBBYING(from the English lobby - on the sidelines) - pressure on legislators and government officials in order to adopt laws or decisions that meet the interests of individual parties, corporations, movements, organizations, individuals. Carried out by lobbyists - representatives of interested parties.
LOCAL WAR- a war involving a relatively small number of states and a limited geographical area.
LOCKOUT(from the English lock out - to lock the doors in front of someone, not to let them out) - one of the ways to resolve a labor conflict, which consists in the closure of the enterprise by the owners and the mass dismissal of workers.
M
majoritarian electoral system(fr. majoritaire from majorite - majority) - a procedure for determining the voting results, in which the candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered elected
MACHIAVEELLISM - an image, a pattern of political behavior that disregards moral norms in order to achieve political goals. The term is associated with the name of the Italian politician and writer N. Machiavelli (1469-1527).
POLITICAL MANIPULATION(French manipulation - fraud) - a system of methods of psychological influence on the masses, which political authorities use with the aim of introducing illusory ideas about political life into the consciousness of the people.
MARGINAL(Latin margo - edge) - 1) secondary, not primary; 2) intermediate. A marginal personality does not have its own system of values ​​and assessments, imitates someone else’s, and is characterized by social anomie.
MARKETING POLITICAL (English marketing - market, sales) - a system of targeted influence on the consciousness and behavior of people, their associations and organizations, which allows, in conditions of political and civil freedoms, to form in them such interests and needs that are beneficial to the current subject of political relations.
MARXISM- philosophical, economic and socio-political doctrine created by Marx and Engels in the 40s. XIX century based on new European rationalist theories (English political economy of Smith, Ricardo, etc., French utopian socialism of Saint-Simon, Fourier, etc.), as well as German classical philosophy of Hegel and Feuerbach. The methodology of Marxism is close to structural-functional analysis. Marxism has three components: philosophy, political economy and the doctrine of socialism (communism). Marxism aims to express and defend the interests of the proletariat and in fact became the theoretical basis of the programs of social democratic and then communist parties throughout the world.
MAFIA (it.maf(f) ia) - a secret criminal organization operating by methods of blackmail, violence, and murder. Originated on about. Sicily as an organized self-defense of the population. Sometimes the term Mafia refers to organized crime in general.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) - UN specialized agency. Created in 1919 under LeagueNations as an International Commission for the development and improvement of working conditions. Unites 150 states; the headquarters is in Geneva.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONCITS (INTERPOL). Created in 1923 to jointly combat common crimes. 154 states are members of Interpol; headquarters - in Paris.
INTERNATIONAL LAW- a set of legal norms and principles governing relations between states (includes maritime, air, space law, law of armed conflicts, etc.).
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - a system of political, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, military, diplomatic relations between various subjects of international law.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – interaction and mutual influence of various socio-ethnic communities, during which relations between people of different nationalities are regulated.
MENTALITY (MENTALITY)(from Latin mentalis - mental) - 1) direction of thoughts, state of mind, mindset; 2) the way of thinking inherent in an individual, a social group, a political party, or a people; 3) a feature of spiritual life.
MENTALITYPOLITICAL(fr. mentalite - mentality, attitude) - a single, syncretic form of awareness of the socio-political system, which is formed as a result of the comprehension of political experience by individual and collective political consciousness and expresses the values ​​​​that are relevant for a given political collective.
MERITOCRACY(Latin - worthy and Greek - power; lit. - power of the most gifted) - a theory that proves that traditional democracy in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution develops into government, the exercise of power by the most talented, gifted people, qualified specialists.
POLITICAL MYTHS(Greek mythos - legend, fiction, fiction) - political consciousness that inadequately interprets the real political system.
Multi-party system – 1) the presence in the country of several or many political parties actually participating in the political process. The basis of a multi-party system is the constitutional principle of freedom of formation and activity of political parties. 2) the constitutional principle of organizing political life in democratic states; is an expression of a more general principle of political and ideological pluralism. According to the principle of multipartyism, the state recognizes and guarantees the right of citizens to unite in political parties in accordance with their political views, the equality of all political parties before the law, and the freedom of their activities.
MODERNIZATION(French moderne - modern) - the desire of the state, the political system of society to bring less developed countries closer to the leaders. Modernization is carried out using the experience accumulated by advanced countries, with their technological, political and financial support.
MONARCHY(Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person - the monarch and is inherited. There are absolute (unlimited) and limited monarchies.
POLITICAL MONOPOLY(Greek monos - one and poleo - I sell) - a form of political organization of society, political power, in which all complete control belongs to a single subject of politics.
N
PEOPLE– the most important category of political science, the content of which varies significantly depending on the interests and political positions of the determining subject. In a broad sense, the entire population of a state or country.
NATIONALISM(Latin nation - nation, people) - an ideology based on the propaganda of national exclusivity and national superiority, as well as a policy that implements nationalist ideology.
NATIONAL POLITICS– a comprehensively justified system of measures carried out by the state in the sphere of national relations, aimed at realizing national interests and resolving national contradictions.
NATIONAL IDENTITY- a set of ideas, traditions and concepts of a nation or ethnic group, which makes it possible to reproduce this community of people as a whole and classify each individual as a given social integrity.
NATIONALITY is a political and legal category that denotes a set of characteristics formalized by law, the possession of which makes a person a full member of the national state.
NATIONAL RELATIONS- these are relations between subjects of national-ethnic development - nations, nationalities, national groups and their state entities.
NATIONAL QUESTION– the question of relationships (economic, territorial, political, state-legal, cultural and linguistic) between nations, national groups and nationalities, the question of the reasons for the emergence of contradictions between them.
NATION(Latin nation - nation, people) - a stable community of people living in the same territory, historically formed in the process of development, having a common culture, language, and identity. It is characterized by economic community and a single, diverse system of political life, complex ethnopsychological character. A nation has a special way of thinking, mentality, and self-esteem.
NEUTRALITY(German: Netralitet; Latin: Neuter - neither one nor the other) - the principle of the foreign policy of a state, which presupposes its non-participation in armed conflicts, and in peacetime - refusal to participate in military alliances and blocs.
NEOCONSERVATISM– an ideology that combines the ideas of classical conservatism and liberalism: they are more tolerant of the state and recognize the need for its minimal intervention.
NEOLIBERALISM- a movement that arose on the basis of classical liberalism and received further development in the 50-60s. XX century, recognizing that along with the absolute value of private property, the rights and freedoms of citizens, one cannot deny the need to take into account public interests and state participation not only in the economy, but also in various social programs.
NOMENCLATURE– (lat.Nomenklatura – painting of names). A set of names and terms used in any branch of knowledge, art and technical production; in administrative and managerial practice, a hierarchical system of positions located by levels of subordination.
NONCONFORMISM(French non conformisme) - rejection of the prevailing views and traditions in society. In politics - rejection of the existing political system, the current political course and the persons implementing it.
ABOUT
OBSTRUCTION(Latin obstructio - obstacle, hindrance) - a way of expressing protest, one of the methods of conducting parliamentary struggle aimed at disrupting the discussion and adoption by parliament of a bill that is unacceptable to the opposition group conducting the obstruction.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENT- a voluntary, self-governing formation created on the initiative of people from below, united on the basis of common interests to achieve common goals.
SOCIAL CONTRACT- the main regulator of public life, giving legitimacy to connections and institutions within civil society, as well as its relations with the state. Involves an agreement between two or more parties that defines the exchange of rights and obligations, the procedure for their modification and termination.
SOCIAL ORDER- a complex social system based on relationships characteristic of a given society in a specific historical period. The legal basis of the social system, as a rule, is the foundations of the constitutional system and the constitutional system itself.
OLIGARCHY(Greek Oligarchia - power of the few) - a form of government in which the state apparatus is openly or covertly subordinated to a small group of people who have dominant influence based on ownership of the means of production, finance, etc.; the dominant group itself.
POLITICAL OLIGOPOLY(Greek oligos - few and poleo - sell) - a form of power exercised in the interests of a small, private group of people in the state in relation to the people.
OMBUDSMAN(Swedish ombudsman - a representative of someone's interests) - a person authorized by parliament to monitor compliance with the legal rights and interests of citizens in the activities of executive authorities and officials. Ombudsman institutions exist in several dozen countries, under different names.
OPPOSITION(from Latin opositio - opposition) - the opposition of some views and actions to others; political leaders, parties, movements opposing the ruling elite; denial of power in general, of any specific bearer or form of it, expressed in open or hidden resistance, counter-movement towards power with the aim of replacing or seizing it.
OPPORTUNISM(Latin opportunus - convenient, profitable) - opportunism, compromise, unprincipledness; a policy of compromise with ideological and political opponents.
UNITED NATIONS (UN)– an international organization established on the basis of the voluntary unification of efforts of sovereign states in order to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, as well as develop peaceful cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by the states participating in the founding San Francisco UN Conference.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION- a type of public organization created on the basis of joint activities of people with the aim of realizing political and government goals and political interests. Characterized by stable membership, structure, discipline, and the use of diverse means to achieve a common goal.
OSTRACISM(Greek ostrakimos from ostrakon - crock) - practiced by the state authorities of the country, in extreme cases, the physical destruction of outstanding people, undermining with their popularity, talent, wealth, influence, etc. the power of the existing state system.
ALIENATION– rejection from a person of the products of his activity.
OCHLOCRACY(from the Greek Ochlos - crowd, mob and kratos - power) - in letters. sense - the unbridled power of the crowd, the power of socio-political groups that use populist sentiments and orientations of the population in extremely primitive forms, which creates conditions for arbitrariness and unrest, riots, pogroms, inducing base aspirations, senseless destruction, reckless murders and tyranny, violation of all guarantees human life.
P
PUBLIC RELATIONS(English: Public relations - public relations) - the area of ​​​​action of various government and other organizations to achieve mutual understanding between them and the public. Public relations (hereinafter PR) is nothing more than the establishment of two-way communication to identify common ideas or common interests and achieve mutual understanding based on certain principles.
PARLIAMENT(French parler - to speak) is the highest representative and legislative body of the state, carrying out the functions of representing the main socio-political forces of the country, legislative activity.
PARTY SYSTEM– a set of parties (ruling and opposition) taking part in the struggle for power and its implementation.
PARTY IN POWER(Latin Pars, parties - part) - a set of institutions, structures and associations grouped around the head of state, pursuing the official course, as well as participating in determining the goals and development strategy of the state, including its individual regions.

Abolitionism(from lat. abolitio – Repeal is a movement that seeks the repeal of a law.

Absenteeism(from lat. absens – absent) is a form of apoliticality, manifested in the evasion of voters from participating in referendums and elections to government bodies.

Absolutism(from lat. absolutus – unlimited) – a form of state and political regime in which the idea of ​​limiting power is rejected; legislative, executive and judicial powers are concentrated in one institution or belong to one person - the monarch, the sultan.

Authoritarianism(from French. authoritarianism power, influence) is a type of political system, the peculiarity of which is a significant concentration of power in the hands of one person or group of persons, eliminating political freedoms, but allowing freedoms for the individual and society in non-political spheres.

Aggregation– technology for coordinating and transforming private and group interests into single generalized political demands.

Political actor(from lat. actor figure) – individuals, social groups, ethnic groups, etc., carrying out political actions. The term "actor" is often used in the same sense as subject. However, there are also differences. A political actor is not any subject, but a subject characterized by a high level of political participation.

Anarchism(from Greek anarchia anarchy, anarchy) is a theory and political movement focused on a stateless organization of society, on the rapid replacement of the state with public self-organization and self-government. The state is identified by anarchism with violence and coercion, incompatible with individual freedom as the highest social value.

Annexation(from lat. annexio annexation) is the forcible annexation by a state of the territory of another state or a disputed territory.

Antisemitism- a type of nationalist ideology and practice that preaches intolerance and persecution of people of Jewish nationality.

Articulation(from lat. articulatio pronounce clearly) - transformation of vague discontent and protest feelings into clear demands.

Behaviorism(from English behavior - behavior) is a theoretical and methodological direction, according to which the main object of analysis is the behavior of people; in political science - political behavior.

Bureaucracy(from French. bureau bureau, office) is a specific form of political or other organization in which actual power belongs to officials.

Power(from Greek kratos – to be able, to have the opportunity) - the ability and opportunity to carry out one’s will in interhuman and intergroup communications, to realize intended goals, to force other people to obey.

Legislative power - one of the branches of government that makes laws. In modern democracies, the direct bearer of legislative power is parliament. The Parliament of the Russian Federation - the Federal Assembly - is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation (see Article 94 of the Russian Constitution).

Executive power- one of the branches of state power, designed to ensure the implementation of laws and management of society. The bearer of executive power is the government headed by the prime minister or president (in presidential republics). Executive power in Russia is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation (see Article 110 of the Russian Constitution).

Political power– the ability and possibility of some political subjects to impose their will on others; determining influence on the behavior of an individual, masses, groups, organizations using the means available to the state. Political power is manifested in general decisions and decisions for everyone, in the functioning of state institutions (president, government, parliament, court).

Representative power- power acting on behalf of a more or less wide range of people, representing their interests in the state. In modern states, representative power functions in the form of national, regional and other levels of parliaments. The Parliament of the Russian Federation - the Federal Assembly is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation (see Article 94 of the Constitution of Russia).

Judicial power- one of the branches of state power that establishes facts of violation of the constitution and law and determines sanctions for their violation on the basis of the law. In the Russian Federation, judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings (see Article 118 of the Russian Constitution).

Elections– the most important institution of politics, which is a way of forming and changing bodies of power and management through the expression of the will of citizens.

Genocide(from rpen.genos – gender and lat. caedere – kill) - state policy or other organized actions aimed at exterminating certain groups of the population on national, racial or religious grounds.

Geopolitics(from Greek Ge – Earth and politika the art of managing public affairs) is a theory and political practice based on the idea of ​​the geographical conditionality of relations between states and other subjects (ethnicities, civilizations) of international politics. Modern geopolitics is a discipline that studies the relations between subjects of international relations regarding the distribution and redistribution of world space.

Gerontocracy(from Greek geron old man and kratos – power) – the predominance of elderly people in ruling groups.

State- the most important organization of the political system, possessing supreme power in a certain territory and having a number of exclusive rights - to use violence, adopt generally binding laws, and levy taxes.

The state is criminal- a special type of state, characterized by the determining influence of criminal circles on politics, the criminalization of public life, and the use of criminal elements as a social support of power.

Legal state- a state limited in its actions by law, primarily by the constitution, recognizing and designed to protect the fundamental rights of the individual. “The Russian Federation – Russia is... a legal state...” (see Article 1 of the Russian Constitution).

Social state– a state striving to provide every citizen with decent living conditions, social security and approximately equal starting opportunities for realizing life goals and personal development. “The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people” (see Article 7 of the Russian Constitution).

Unitary state– is distinguished by a structure characterized by a single constitution and citizenship, a single system of supreme state bodies, law and courts, operating without restrictions throughout the country.

Federal state- a form of government in which the territorial units (states, lands, provinces, etc.) that are part of the state have significant political, economic and cultural independence. “The Russian Federation – Russia is... a federal state...” (see Article 1 of the Russian Constitution).

Citizen- a person who has citizenship certifying his belonging to a particular state. “A citizen of the Russian Federation cannot be deprived of his citizenship or the right to change it” (see Article 6 of the Russian Constitution).

Civil society– a set of diverse relationships between people, organized outside the framework of the state on the principles of self-organization and self-government (see also: Civil society).

Citizenship– the legal affiliation of a person to a given state, acting as a system of relationships (rights and obligations) of the state and persons under its authority. “Every citizen of the Russian Federation has on its territory all rights and freedoms and bears equal responsibilities provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation” (see Article 6 of the Russian Constitution).

Greenpeace(from English Greenpeace - "Green World") is an international public organization for nature conservation, founded in 1971 in Canada. Its main goal is to help solve environmental problems (preventing radiation contamination, chemical and oil pollution of the environment; as well as preventing catastrophic climate change).

Pressure groups– organized groups external to the government that seek to support or hinder the adoption of specific decisions by government bodies. They are a type of interest group.

Interest groups– organized associations (associations, unions, foundations) that arise in order to more effectively meet the diverse demands and needs of people. Among them are political (pressure groups) and non-political interest groups.

Democracy(from Greek demos – people and kratos – power) – democracy. Democracy is a type of state that has at least the following features: recognition of the people as the supreme source of power, separation of powers, election of the main bodies of the state, rule of law and equality of citizens, subordination of the minority to the majority when making decisions. “The Russian Federation – Russia is a democratic... state...” (see Article 1 of the Russian Constitution).

Liberal democracy- a modern form of democracy in which the power of the majority and the powers of the state are limited by a constitution that proclaims the most important value and task of the state is the protection of freedom, human rights and minorities. “Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is the duty of the state”; “State protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation is guaranteed” (see Articles 2, 45 of the Russian Constitution).

Democracy is immediate (direct)– involves the direct participation of citizens in the preparation, discussion and decision-making. It was widespread in ancient Greek city-polises and medieval republics. Currently it functions mainly at the level of local government, in organizing the life of small groups. Forms of direct democracy include referendums and elections. “The highest direct expression of the power of the people is a referendum and free elections” (see Article 3 of the Russian Constitution).

Participatory democracy(participatory democracy) – (from English. participate – participate) - comes from the interpretation of democracy as a universal principle of organization of all areas of public life. Democracy as the broad participation of people, according to supporters of this concept, should be everywhere - in the family, school, at work, in the state, etc.

Plebiscitary democracy(from lat. plebs - ordinary people, plebiscitum - decision of the people) - gives citizens the right, through voting, to approve or reject a particular draft law or other decisions.

Pluralistic democracy(polyarchy according to R. Dahl) is a theory and practice in which democracy is understood as a form of government that allows diverse social groups to freely express their interests and find compromise solutions in competition that express a balance of interests.

Representative democracy– involves the indirect participation of citizens in decision-making: their election of their representatives to government bodies, which, making decisions independently, are called upon to express and protect the interests of their voters. This form of democracy is necessary in states with a large territory.

Community democracy– a form of democracy that uses the principle of proportional representation to take into account the interests of certain minorities in multicultural communities.

Dictatorship(from lat. dictatura - unlimited power) - power that is not limited by law or other institutions and in its actions is directly based on armed violence.

Discrimination(from lat. discriminatio – differentiation) deprivation or restriction of the rights of certain groups of citizens on national, religious, racial and other grounds.

Dogmatism- a type of thinking based on people’s commitment to once acquired knowledge, values, or means of mastering the world.

Westernism- a direction of Russian socio-political thought that considers Russia a Western country and advocates its development and reform taking into account the experience of Western countries (I. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, etc.).

"Greens"– an environmental movement advocating for the preservation and protection of the environment. In a number of countries (for example, Germany) it is one of the most influential socio-political movements. In the modern world, the activities of the international public environmental organization Greenpeace (from the English. Greenpeace - "green World").

Political ideology- a systematized form of ideas and views of certain social groups, reflecting their interests regarding the socio-political structure, aimed at acquiring and using power in order to implement this structure. “Ideological diversity is recognized in the Russian Federation. No ideology can be established as state or mandatory” (see Article 13 of the Russian Constitution).

Electoral system– a set of rules and techniques for forming government bodies through voting during elections (see also: Majoritarian system, Proportional system).

Class– a social group distinguished from other groups by access to wealth, power and social prestige. In Marxism, classes differ primarily in relation to the means of production (land, natural resources, factories). The ruling classes have the means of production, the exploited classes are deprived of them.

Communism– ideology and practice of denying private property and justifying ways of building and functioning of society on the basis of public property and on collectivist principles.

Compromise- an agreement reached by the parties through mutual concessions.

Consensus(from lat. consensus consent) – consent based on the presence of certain basic values ​​and norms shared by all major social groups of society.

Conservatism(from lat. conserve - protect) is a political ideology that sets as the main requirement for the authorities the preservation of moral order and natural legal foundations based on the values ​​of family, religion, and property.

Consolidation(from lat. consolidation strengthen, unite) - unification, rallying of individuals, groups, organizations to achieve their common goals.

Confederation(from lat. confederatio union, association) - an association of states to coordinate any type of state activity, most often military or foreign policy. The states included in the confederation fully retain their independence.

The conflict is political– competitive interaction, struggle to realize one’s interests in the sphere of state power.

Conformism(from lat. conformis – similar, similar) – passive adaptation to prevailing views and opinions, lack of one’s own position, uncritical adherence to prevailing patterns of behavior.

Confrontation– a clash of socio-political systems, groups, people, their beliefs, etc., based on opposing, incompatible principles.

Corruption– bribery, corruption of public and political figures. Criminalization of the sphere of power and management.

Political crisis– the inability of the political system or its elements to change in accordance with the new needs of political development and the socio-economic demands of the population.

Criminal- criminal, criminal.

Political culture- a set of forms of behavior typical for a given society that establish norms and patterns of relationships between citizens and the state and other institutions of power.

Legal(from lat. legalis – legal) – legally legal, permitted by law.

Legitimacy(from lat. legitimus legitimate) - the quality of power determined by its reliance on the consent of the masses. Legitimate power is power based on the trust of the masses.

Liberalism(from lat. liberalis free) is a political ideology based on the requirements of ensuring personal freedom, civil and political rights of the individual and limiting the scope of state activities.

Lobbying(from English lobby – behind the scenes) - the activity of individuals or groups with the aim of putting pressure on the development, adoption (or non-adoption) and implementation by state authorities of legislative acts and administrative decisions in the interests of these individuals or groups.

Mandate– a document certifying the powers and rights of a person (for example, a deputy mandate).

Political manipulation– hidden control of people’s political consciousness and behavior.

Marginality(from lat. marginalis located on the edge) - the intermediate position of people in relation to large social groups, which leaves an imprint on their psychological state and political behavior.

Mediacracy(from German. Medium – media and Greek kratos - power) - power in the society of the media and especially television and radio.

Mentality- a special spiritual disposition, a way of seeing the world, reflecting stable standards and stereotypes of perception of reality at the level of not only the conscious, but also the unconscious.

Global community– a set of states and peoples interacting at the global international level.

Public opinion- a set of mass ideas about the world, society and its various spheres - economics, politics, culture, problems, facts of social reality.

Multi-party system- a type of political system in which there is competition between several parties. “Political diversity and a multi-party system are recognized in the Russian Federation” (see Article 13 of the Russian Constitution).

Modernization political(from French. modeme - modern) – a change in the political system and the formation of new political institutions in accordance with the requirements of modernity. Usually this concept is used in relation to countries making the transition to an industrial society and a democratic political system.

Monarchy(from Greek monos – one and arhos - ruler) is a form of government in which the formal and (or) actual source of state power is one person who receives it by inheritance.

Political science (political science)– a branch of knowledge about politics in all its manifestations and relationships with other areas of public life. Studies the relations of social, ethnic, religious and other groups regarding power, political institutions, political consciousness and culture, the behavior of political subjects, intrastate and interstate political processes.

Nationalism– 1) ideology and realpolitik based on the opposition of nations, recognition of the exclusivity and superiority of one’s own nation over others; 2) devotion to one’s nation, a sense of high national identity. In this sense, nationalism is close to the concept of patriotism.

Nation– a stable community of people, historically formed on the basis of unity of origin, culture, coexistence and communications. In the structure of a nation, ethnic groups are combined (see: Ethnos ) and socio-economic components.

Nonviolence– concept and practical actions based on the renunciation of the use of force in resolving political conflicts, a strategy for resolving controversial issues based on the principles of humanism and morality.

Nepotism(from lat. nepos - grandson) – provision by government officials of politically significant positions and state property based on family ties.

Political education– the process and result of assimilation of systematized political knowledge.

Civil society(see also: Civil society) - sphere of life of individuals not directly controlled by the state. The variety of relationships between free individuals not mediated by the state in the conditions of the market and a democratic state of law.

Oligarchy(from Greek oligarchia the power of the few) is the power of a narrow group of people in the state, obtained not for outstanding ability, but on the basis of origin, wealth or membership in a narrow ruling group.

Opposition– political leaders, parties, movements opposing the ruling elite and performing the functions of criticism and control of the ruling forces, development of alternative policies and readiness to implement them if they come to power.

United Nations (UN)– the largest international organization of states, created in 1945 in order to maintain peace and security, develop cooperation between peoples. It includes more than 190 states.

International relations– a set of economic, political, cultural, military, diplomatic and other connections and relations between states, organizations and movements operating in the international arena.

Ochlocracy(from Greek ochlos - crowd and kratos – power) is a state of power characterized by the dominance of the lower social classes in state policy and the predominance of their characteristic means of achieving the goal.

Parliament(from French. parler speak) is the highest legislative body of power in the state, elected by citizens and representing their interests. “The Federal Assembly is the parliament of the Russian Federation...” (see Article 94 of the Russian Constitution).

Party system– a set of parties and inter-party relations that characterize the number of influential political parties existing in the country, their relative sizes, coalitions and strategy. “Political diversity and a multi-party system are recognized in the Russian Federation” (see Article 13 of the Russian Constitution).

Political party- an organized group of like-minded people striving for power, representing the interests of certain segments of the people through the acquisition and use of state power or participation in its implementation.

Patriotism(from Greek patris - homeland, fatherland) - love for the homeland, devotion to the fatherland, concern for its prosperity.

Pacifism(from lat. pacificus - pacifying) - an ideological direction and movement that rejects any war as a means of resolving controversial issues.

Plebiscite(from lat. plebiscitum - decision of the people) - a popular vote or poll designed to make a decision or express an opinion important for the state.

Plutocracy(from Greek plutos - wealth and kratos – power) - power in the state of a small group of the richest citizens.

Political pluralism(from lat. pluralis plural) is the principle of the structure and functioning of the political system, which presupposes diversity and free competition of political ideas, parties and other institutions, the presence of a legally operating opposition, various political subjects and their competitive struggle for power within the framework of the law.

Polyarchy(from Greek . poly – a lot and arhos - ruler) – plurality, dispersion of power. A political regime, the most important features of which are a high level of political participation of citizens and political rivalry between groups and political leaders in the struggle for the support of their voters in elections.

Policy- a state in the ancient world, consisting of a large city with its surrounding environs.

Policy(from Greek politika the art of managing public affairs) is one of the most important spheres of social life, associated with the struggle for political power, the coordination of the interests of various social groups (the “art of conciliation”), the formation and implementation of generally significant interests.

Foreign policy– activities of states carried out in the international arena with the aim of protecting and realizing national interests. “The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determines the main directions ... of the state’s foreign policy” (see Article 80 of the Russian Constitution).

Internal politics– intrastate activities covering a range of activities in various areas of public life. “The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determines the main directions of the internal ... policy of the state” (see Article 80 of the Russian Constitution).

Social policy– state activities to maintain the stable development of society through a policy of balanced well-being of various social groups and strata.

Political sphere– one of the spheres of society’s life (other spheres: economic, social, spiritual), where power functions and relationships are carried out regarding the acquisition and use of power, as well as influence on power.

Political relations– a type of social relations that manifest themselves as interactions between various subjects (individuals, social groups, ethnic groups, peoples and states, etc.) regarding the acquisition, distribution and use of power.

Populism(from lat. populus - people) is the political activity of the state or other political structures and institutions, which involves, as the main means of achieving government goals, a direct appeal to public opinion, reliance on mass sentiment, capitalizing on the suggestibility of large groups of people.

Postmodernism in politics- a direction in Western socio-political thought that became widespread in the second half of the 20th century, whose representatives (J. Derrida, M. Foucault, J.-F. Lyotard, J. Baudrillard, etc.) question the possibility of obtaining scientific knowledge or generally accepted provisions. The methodology of the modern period, associated with the ideas of the New Age and the Enlightenment, i.e. faith in science and human reason, rationalism and progress - all this is questioned and criticized.

Human rights– a concept that characterizes the principles and norms of relations between people and the state, providing an individual with the opportunity to act at his own discretion (freedom), without violating the freedoms of other people, and to receive certain benefits (rights). “In the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are recognized and guaranteed... Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth” (see Article 17 of the Russian Constitution).

Government- a state institution, a management system that has the right to the exclusive use of physical coercion to enforce laws and customs on the territory of a given country. “The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers” (see Article 110 of the Constitution of Russia).

Political protest– negative reaction of political subjects to decisions taken by the authorities. Forms of protest: rallies, demonstrations, pickets, hunger strikes, etc.

Putsch- a coup d'état (or attempted coup) carried out by a group of conspirators.

Political equality– such a distribution of political resources that ensures equal opportunities for access to power for all social groups and individuals, their equality before the law and the absence of privileges. “The state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen...” (see Article 19 of the Russian Constitution).

Radicalism- a political movement that adheres to extreme means of achieving a goal. It can manifest itself in various forms of extremism, terrorism, revolutions.

Separation of powers- a fundamental principle of government, presupposing the institutional and functional separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers, preventing the concentration of powers in one person or institution. The separation of powers is one of the guarantees of political freedom in society. “State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial” (see Article 10 of the Russian Constitution).

Racism- a system of ideological views and practical actions, based on beliefs in the physical and psychological inequality of human races.

Revolution– deep qualitative transformation of the political system, socio-economic and spiritual foundations of society.

Political regime– a type of political power with characteristic ways, forms and methods of its implementation. A political regime usually reflects the ways of relationships between government, society and the individual, which differ in the degree of freedom in these relationships. As a rule, researchers distinguish between democratic, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes.

Republic(from lat. res publika – public cause) is a form of state, the distinctive features of which are the recognition of the people as the supreme source of power and the election of the highest bodies of the state. “The Russian Federation – Russia is... a state with a republican form of government” (see Article 1 of the Russian Constitution).

Parliamentary republic- a form of state, the main distinguishing feature of which is the formation of a government on a parliamentary basis (by a parliamentary majority) and its responsibility to parliament.

Semi-presidential (or mixed) republic- a form of government, the main distinguishing feature of which is the dual responsibility of the government - to parliament and to the president. This form of government seeks to combine strong presidential power with effective parliamentary control over government activities.

Presidential Republic- a type of democratic state and form of government, the main feature of which is that the president combines the functions of head of state and head of government.

Super-presidential republic- a type of state in which the authoritarian power of the president is formalized and camouflaged with the help of virtually powerless democratic institutions.

Power resources– means that the bearer (subject) of power uses to ensure the obedience of other participants in power relations (objects of power).

Referendum(from lat. referendum what must be communicated) is the expression of will (voting) of all citizens of the state on an issue that is important to it.

Liberty– one of the fundamental categories of political science and other sciences, reflecting: 1) human protection from unwanted influences and violence; 2) activity based on the known laws of development; 3) the ability to choose from various alternatives.

Segmentation of the electoral market– division of the electorate into groups with special preferences.

Electoral system– a procedure for identifying and coordinating the political preferences of the population, including determining the weight of each vote, the order of its submission and the method of summing up the results.

Majoritarian system(from French. majeur - greater) is a system for distributing seats based on the results of voting in certain government bodies, in which, in order to win elections, a candidate or party must collect a majority of votes in a specific electoral district or in the country as a whole.

Proportional system– a system for distributing seats based on the results of voting in certain government bodies, according to which the number of seats in a particular government body is distributed among representatives of various parties (voting blocs) in proportion to the number of votes received by a particular party (bloc).

Slavophilism- an ideological movement in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, which substantiated the originality of its social and state development, the unacceptability for it of the ways and forms of social structure characteristic of Western countries. The most famous representatives of Slavophilism: K. S. Aksakov, N. Ya. Danilevsky, I. V. Kireevsky, A. S. Khomyakov.

Political consciousness– a set of sensual and rational, empirical and theoretical, value and normative, conscious and subconscious ideas of people that mediate their attitude to the phenomena of political power.

Social democracy- a political movement and ideology that combines socialist ideas about a society of social justice with a number of liberal ideas and ideas. The largest representatives of European social democracy of the 20th century: V. Brandt, B. Kraisky, U. Palme.

Socialization political– the process of a person’s assimilation of the norms and traditions of political culture, which contribute to the formation of qualities necessary for adaptation to a given political system and the performance of certain political functions and roles.

Socialism(from lat. socialis social) - a theory that denies a system of life based on private property and affirms the ideal of a social structure based on public ownership, the absence of exploitation and the fair distribution of products and benefits depending on the labor expended.

Mass media– institutions created for the open, public transmission of various information to any person using special technical means. In the Russian Federation, freedom of the media is guaranteed and censorship is prohibited (see Article 29 of the Russian Constitution).

Sovereignty(from French. souverain – bearer of supreme power) – the supremacy of power in a certain territory. Fundamental feature of the state. “The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people” (see Article 3 of the Russian Constitution).

Theocracy(from Greek theos – god and kratos – power) - the power of the clergy, a form of government in which there is no clear division of secular and religious power, and the state is directly or indirectly led by the highest clergy.

Political terrorism- a type of radicalism that involves the use of intimidation of the population, violence and murder as the main means of achieving political goals.

Tolerance(from lat. tolerantia patience) – tolerance towards a different opinion, action, position; one of the basic values ​​of democracy.

Totalitarianism(from lat. totalis complete, entire) - a type of political system and society characterized by a comprehensive ideologization of public life, excessive expansion of power and absorption of civil society, lack of individual freedom, and pervasive control by the merged party-state apparatus over citizens.

Unitarianism(from lat. unitas – unity) is one of the forms of government, the most important feature of which is the centralized management of the administrative-territorial parts of the state.

Utopia political(from Greek And - no, no and topos - place) is a speculatively constructed model of an ideal society and political structure.

Political participation– actions taken by individuals or groups to influence public policy, the management of public affairs, or the selection of political leaders.

Fascism(from Italian. fascio – bundle, bundle, association) – a radical extremist and political movement gravitating towards the establishment of a terrorist dictatorship. Historically, it was formed on the ideas of racial exclusivity, anti-Semitism and anti-democratic views.

Federation(from lat. foedus – union, agreement) is one of the forms of government, the most important feature of which is the presence in the structure of the state of not only national authorities, but also local authorities (in lands, republics, states, etc.), which have a certain degree of political and legal independence.

Feminism(from Lat. . femina woman) is a socio-political movement advocating for the expansion of the rights and roles of women in society.

Charisma(from Greek charisma – grace, divine gift) - exceptional talent, enormous authority that followers bestow on a leader (sometimes an entire organization), attributing to him the qualities of infallibility, even supernaturalism. It consists of a person’s real leadership abilities and the traits that followers see in her.

Chauvinism– a type of nationalism, a complex of radical nationalist sentiments, feelings, ideas of national exclusivity, the superiority of a particular nation, inciting national enmity and hatred.

Egalitarianism(from French. egalite – equality) is a theory that defends the priority of equality as a principle of organizing society. Egalitarianism justifies the need for active efforts to equalize income.

Electorate(from lat. elector voter) - citizens who have the right to vote to participate in political elections.

Political elite - a group distinguished from the rest of society by influence, privileged position and prestige, and directly and systematically involved in making decisions related to the use of or influence of government power. The political elite includes persons occupying leading or dominant positions in society.

Statism(from French. etat – state) - the spread of excessive activity and influence of the state on the economic and other spheres of social life. Typically, statism is accompanied by centralization, bureaucratization and concentration of political power.

Ethnocracy(from Greek ethnos people and kratos – power) - in a multinational state, the power or greatest influence of one ethnic group (nation), expressed in discrimination against other ethnic groups (nations) living in a given state or territory.

Ethnos(from Greek ethnos people) is a stable group of people with a common origin, history, language and culture.

Economic English.

Hegemony(Greek ηγεμονία, “leadership, management, leadership”) - primacy, superiority in strength, influence. Historically, the term was used to designate the primacy of the most powerful city-state from the union of Greek poleis

Honestly, I am not a political person, but the current situation in the economic and political sector of Russia leaves much to be desired. Let's see what Western political scientists think about financial and political forecasts. Is everything so sad? Let's look at the news and the opinion of political scientist George Friedman about forecasts in Russia, Ukraine and our relations with the West. Here I will help you with economic and political terms and expressions from an article in English that is quite easy to understand (Intermediate Level). I will also add some interesting remarks about Mr. Friedman's Russia. Also, I recommend you look at my post

economic expectations - economic expectations

foremost - most important, outstanding

plunge of the ruble - sharp fall of the ruble

decline in oil prices - decline in oil prices

general slowdown - general decline

effect of Western Sanctions - effect of Western sanctions

decline in the ruble - decline of the ruble

real impact - real impact

inflation - inflation

bluff - bluff

pivot of the conversation - the main topic of the conversation

policy towards Ukraine - policy towards Ukraine

Russians’ strength is that they can endure things that would break other nations.- The strength of the Russians is that they can withstand things that would break other nations.

Interesting idea.

harsh - hard

seizing the assets of Western companies- seizing the assets of Western companies

curtailing agricultural imports- reduction in agricultural imports

cut off natural gas - stopping the gas supply

increased sanctions -increasing sanctions

oil price drops - decrease in oil prices

Economic downturns - economic recession

Opinion:

Russians don’t respond to economic pressure as Westerners do- Russians do not react to economic pressure in the same way as the West.

Interesting note.

propaganda campaign - propaganda activities

invasion - invasion

assertion - statement, statement

high degree of autonomy. - high degree of autonomy

Redrawn map of Serbia - a newly drawn map of Serbia

necessary strategic buffer - necessary strategic buffer zone

significant threat - significant threat

pursuing a single objective - pursuing a single goal

military weakness - military weakness

political disunity - political disagreements

to impinge - to encroach, to encroach

Geopolitical - geopolitical

Immediate issue - urgent question

Attempt to embarrass the president- an attempt to confuse the prizedent

cope with the existing sanctions- cope with existing sanctions

endure economic problems - endure economic problems

affirm significance - affirm significance

Interesting wording:

But obviously, nothing is more dangerous than wounding a bear. Killing him is better, but killing Russia has not proven easy.

But obviously there is nothing more dangerous than injuring a bear. It’s better to kill him, but as it turns out, it’s not that easy.

fundamental strategic importance- fundamental strategic importance

rising power - increasing power

I will also give an excerpt from the article and translate it. Either way, stay positive and look forward.

The United States and Europe have trouble understanding Russia’s fears. Russia has trouble understanding particularly American fears. The fears of both are real and legitimate. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries but of incompatible imperatives. All of the good will in the world - and there is precious little of that - cannot solve the problem of two major countries that are forced to protect their interests and in doing so must make the other feel threatened. I learned much in my visit. I did not learn how to solve this problem, save that at the very least each must understand the fears of the other, even if they can’t calm them.

Europe and the United States have certain difficulties understanding Russia's concerns. Russia has big problems understanding American fears. The fears are equally real and justified. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries, but a matter of incompatible political ambitions. All the good will in the world, and there is precious little of it here, cannot solve the problem of two huge mammoths who are forced to defend their interests and thus feel threatened by each other. I learned so much during my visit to Moscow. But I still didn't understand how to solve the problem. The only thing that remains clear is that each country must understand the fears of the other, even if they cannot calm them.

P.S. Anti-whining everyone and have a great day!