In ancient times, in order to write a word, a person visually depicted a corresponding object or phenomenon, showing, for example, water in the form of zigzag or wavy lines, and mountains in the form of two mountains, between which a valley or gorge ran. Such simplified drawings are called ideograms.

From the simplest drawings and patterns arose the Egyptian, ancient Indian, Sumerian, and ancient Chinese writing systems, where each sign (hieroglyph) denoted a whole word.

The Phoenicians created an alphabet in which each sign represented only one specific syllable. Since the 9th century. BC e. The Phoenician alphabet began to quickly spread in many countries.

The historian Herodotus wrote that the ancient Greeks learned writing from the Phoenicians. Indeed, even the names of the Greek letters themselves are Phoenician words. For example, the name of the letter “alpha” comes from the Phoenician word “aleph” - bull (the original shape of this letter resembled the head of a bull). The name of the Greek letter "beta" comes from the Phoenician word "bet" - house (originally this letter was a simplified drawing of the plan of a house). The word “alphabet” itself is essentially a combination of the Phoenician words “aleph” and “bet”. The letters in the Phoenician alphabet were arranged in a certain order. This order was also adopted by the Greeks.

The Phoenician alphabet was the ancestor of not only Greek, but also Arabic, Hebrew and other alphabets. It is more convenient than any hieroglyphs. But the Greek alphabet is even more perfect. In it, the signs no longer indicated syllables, but letters. It formed the basis of the Latin alphabet, and that, in turn, formed the basis of all Western European ones.

The Church Slavonic alphabet, compiled by the brothers Cyril and Methodius, came from the Greek alphabet - the Cyrillic alphabet. Under Peter I, the Church Slavonic alphabet was simplified, and an easier-to-read civil version appeared, which is still used in Russia with minor changes.

Why is the Slavic alphabet called Cyrillic?

In 1992, the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture was celebrated for the first time in Russia. On this day, a monument to Cyril and Methodius was unveiled on Slavyanskaya Square in Moscow. How did Cyril and Methodius deserve such an honor? Why do people remember them already for the second millennium?

The brothers Cyril and Methodius were from the Macedonian city of Saluni (now Thessaloniki). Cyril (also called Constantine) studied theology (religious teaching) and taught philosophy. He spoke several languages. Methodius was the ruler of one of the Slavic regions of the Eastern Roman Empire. He supported all his brother's good endeavors.

After the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs began to use Latin and Greek letters instead of their simplest signs. But this was not very convenient, since these letters could not convey all the features of Slavic speech. So Kirill decided to compose the Slavic alphabet. It had 38 letters. Some of them were taken from the Greek alphabet, and some were invented to convey the sounds of Slavic speech. This is how the Slavic peoples received their written language - the alphabet, which is called the Cyrillic alphabet in memory of its creator.

What and how did they write?

People in ancient times wrote with a sharp stick on white birch bark, with a needle on palm leaves, on clay tablets, on tablets coated with wax, and even on copper sheets.

There is such a plant - papyrus. Twice taller than a man, and the trunk is as thick as an arm. It grows in Africa, along the banks of rivers and swamps. It has sweet juice. Sandals were made from its bark, and fabrics were made from fiber. Large ships were built from tied trunks. But what papyrus became most famous for was not its sweet juice or ships. It is famous for the fact that the first books were written on it. This was over 6 thousand years ago.

The core of the papyrus reed was cut into strips, the strips were laid on top of each other under a press, and dried in the sun. The result was sheets on which one could write. And then the sheets of papyrus were glued together into a long, very long scroll. This is how books and scrolls appeared.

Where there were no thickets of papyrus, they learned to write on parchment. Parchment was made from the skin of goats, calves, and sheep. The skin was carefully cleaned, scraped, polished until it turned yellow or white. They wrote clearly and beautifully on parchment. It was expensive; no one would have dared to write it somehow. Several sheets of parchment made up a book. One book was written over many months, and sometimes more than one year.

Book

Even in ancient times, people had a need to pass on their experience and knowledge to subsequent generations. You can only tell your deeds verbally to your children and grandchildren. How to make a word eternal?

Writing appeared several thousand years ago. Graphic icons depicted sounds, syllables, and even entire words. Where to write them down and how to save them? Several solutions have emerged.

In the Middle Ages, books were written by hand on sheets of parchment bound together in notebooks. To prevent the sheets from warping, the notebooks were sewn together and enclosed in wooden covers covered with leather or fabric. This is how the form of the book to which we are accustomed arose. From the 13th century paper becomes the main writing material in Europe.

A handwritten book decorated with drawings was very expensive. Finally, in the 15th century. printing was invented.

One of the largest libraries in the world, the Russian State Library in Moscow, houses millions of books. The rare books department contains the most valuable ones. The first printed books - incunabula - books from the “cradle period” of printing are especially carefully preserved.

Some rare books are huge volumes, more than one and a half meters high; you probably couldn’t lift them alone. There are tiny books: some are no larger than a matchbox, and some are the size of a postage stamp. Books printed on leather, on thin sheets of cork, woven on silk, toy books in the form of a tin can, and dogs are also stored there.

Nowadays, there are other sources of information: cinema, television. But only a book can develop imagination. If you read, for example, a fairy tale, not every page has an illustration. This is not necessary. The rest of the pictures will be completed by your own imagination. In our technical age, the book remains a faithful friend and assistant.

In the 13th century. Rus' suffered severe trials. The Mongol army came from the south. Mongols are nomadic (moving from place to place) tribes. They were engaged in breeding livestock - horses, camels, cows, sheep, goats. Livestock needed pastures, so the Mongols moved from place to place in search of new pastures.

They lived in yurts - light houses made of poles and felt. When moving, the yurts were dismantled and loaded onto carts. The Mongols were an unpretentious and very patient people. They could go without food for two or three days and easily tolerated the cold. Even among themselves they rarely lived in peace and harmony, much less with other tribes and peoples they were constantly at odds. There were rumors about them as cruel and ferocious people.

The Mongol tribes were strong due to their numbers and military organization. According to the ancient historian, they had “the courage of a lion, the patience of a dog.” Nomadic life made every Mongol a skilled horseman and a skilled warrior. The men spent a lot of time hunting and practicing archery. Children from the age of two or three began to ride a horse and learn to shoot without missing. Women were also excellent riders and knew how to handle weapons, which they always had with them, no worse than men.

In the late autumn of 1237, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu led a huge army to the Russian borders. On his way lay the Ryazan principality. The people of Ryazan did not have the strength to repel the enemy. Ryazan Prince Yuri Igorevich turned to the Vladimir and Chernigov princes for help, but they did not respond to his call for help. Ryazan held out for five days and fell on the sixth. All residents died.

Following Ryazan, the Mongols occupied Kolomna, Moscow, Tver, and Vladimir. The conquerors destroyed and burned beautiful Russian cities. The enemies stormed the small town of Kozelsk for seven weeks. 4,000 enemy soldiers lay down under the walls of Kozelsk, but the city’s defenders also died. The enemies got only ruins, but Batu Khan ordered them to be wiped off the face of the earth. In 1240 Kyiv was plundered and destroyed.

Why did Rus' submit? Because there was no peace and harmony between the Russian princes: they competed with each other, since each wanted to become the main one among all. And no matter how strong each principality was individually, its military strength could not be compared with the immense strength of the Mongols. For two hundred years the Mongols ruled the Russian land. It took the Russian people two hundred years to gather strength and drive out the enemy.

Batu in the 40s. XIII century founded a huge and variegated state - the Golden Horde. The center of the Golden Horde became the city of Sarai (near modern Astrakhan). Although the original Russian lands were not territorially part of the Golden Horde, they were completely dependent on it: they obeyed the orders of the khans, paid huge tribute , were subjected to devastating raids.The khans appointed princes at their own discretion.

However, over time, the Golden Horde began to be torn apart by internal contradictions. Numerous descendants of Genghis Khan fought for power. This led to the fact that in the 15th century. The Horde split into several separate principalities. The largest were the Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean kingdoms. Rus''s dependence on the khans gradually weakened, and in 1480 the Russian people finally freed themselves from the foreign yoke.

(Trace Batu’s invasion of Rus' on the map.)

But not only the Mongols attacked Russian land. At the time when Batu was ravaging Rus', Alexander, the son of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, reigned in Novgorod. The Novgorodians had to defend their independence from the Swedes and Livonian Germans. In 1240, the king of Sweden sent a large army against the Novgorodians.

The Swedish military leader Birger led his army to the mouth of the Neva River and sent ambassadors to Novgorod to the young prince Alexander Yaroslavich. “Fight if you can. “I’m already on your land,” the ambassadors reported Birger’s words. Alexander told his squad: “We are few, but the enemy is strong. But God is not in power, but in truth: follow your prince.” The battle lasted from dawn until dark. Alexander himself fought with Birger and wounded him in the face. The warrior Savva cut down the pole of Birger's tent, the tent fell, the Swedes wavered and ran to the ships on which they had sailed. Russian soldiers pursued the Swedes right up to the ships.

The news of the victory on the Neva spread throughout Rus'. After this battle, Alexander was given the nickname Nevsky. And Prince Alexander Yaroslavich was only 20 years old. Soon after the Neva victory, the crusaders reappeared in the Russian lands. The enemy captured Pskov and began to advance towards Novgorod. The decisive battle, as we know from the chronicles, took place on Lake Peipsi. Here, on April 5, 1242, the famous battle took place, which went down in history as the Battle of the Ice.

Typically, German soldiers formed a wedge before battle. Its spearhead was made up of iron-clad knights on horseback from head to toe. Mounted knights were also on the sides of the wedge. And inside it stood foot soldiers. With a powerful blow, the wedge cut through the enemy's formation, crushed and put his army to flight. Then the foot soldiers pursued and destroyed the fleeing ones piece by piece.

Knowing the habits of the enemy, Alexander Nevsky decided to build his regiments as follows: he placed the middle regiment in the center. It consisted of townspeople, peasants, armed with spears, bows, battle axes, and even just knives. The main forces - infantry and cavalry - were concentrated to the right and left of the middle regiment.

And so the battle began. Covered with shields, the crusaders moved like a battering ram. They penetrated the middle regiment, but suddenly the Russians retreated behind a specially made barrier made of sleighs. The crusaders also rushed after them. Behind the sleigh began the shore, strewn with large stones. The path of the enemy cavalry is cut off. The crusaders were trapped. In some places, the spring ice that had melted, unable to withstand the weight of the combatants, began to crack and break. Knights in iron armor sank like stones. The survivors fled for their lives.

Soon after the battle, the crusaders sent their envoys to Novgorod to ask for peace. Alexander agreed to peace, but warned: “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword!”

Alexander Nevsky is a great man. He was canonized. Monuments were erected to him in many cities. The role of Alexander in the history of our country can hardly be overestimated. It was not for nothing that after his death, Metropolitan Kirill said: “The sun of the Russian land has set.”

CHECK YOURSELF

· When did Batu attack Rus'? (In 1237)

· Who attacked Rus' in the 13th century? (Mongols.)

· Who led the campaign against Rus'? (Khan Batu.)

· What was the first Russian city on the path of the conquerors? (Ryazan.)

· How many days did the Ryazan people defend? (Five days, but on the sixth day the defenders’ forces dried up. The Mongols, breaking into the city, destroyed and burned it, all the inhabitants died.)

· Which city offered Batu serious resistance? (Batu’s army spent seven weeks near the city of Kozelsk.)

· What happened to Kyiv? (In 1240 it was captured and destroyed.)

· How did the state of the Mongols come to be called? (Golden Horde.)

· What new threat has emerged? (The danger came from the Swedes and Germans.)

· Who opposed them? (Young Novgorod prince Alexander.)

· What nickname did he receive after his victory? (Nevsky.)

· Under what name did the battle on the ice of Lake Peipsi go down in history? (Battle on the Ice.)

· How were the crusaders built? For what purpose? (With a wedge. He penetrated the strongest defense.)

· How did the battle of April 5, 1242 end? (The Crusaders were trapped, many of them fell through the ice and drowned.)

Summary of the lesson "How people learned to write", prepared for the collection "Kindergarten and school - a single educational space."

The lesson was held at an Open Day for future first-graders.

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Pictograms

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Gorbunova E.V.

How a person learned to write

Lesson objectives:

Introduce the stages of development of writing;

Develop the ability to freely and clearly express your thoughts when answering questions;

Develop the ability to work in groups: communicate freely with each other, listen carefully and patiently to others;

Develop the ability to trace drawings along dotted lines;

Strengthen the ability to work with glue, follow the rules of safe and careful work.

Teacher equipment: media projector and presentation (or a set of pictures/photos), cards with letters

Equipment for children: cards with drawings printed with dotted lines, CDs, blank faces and hearts made of colored paper, glue

Progress of the lesson

I. Organization of the start of the lesson.

Hello guys! I'm glad to meet you. I see that you are in a good mood. I think that the lesson will be interesting and friendly. But let's first prepare for good work (kinesiological exercises are performed).

II. Introductory conversation. Setting a learning task.

- Guys, soon you will go to school, learn to read and write. What for? (to convey your thoughts...)

Do you think people have always been able to write, or were there times when a person could not do this?

Today we will look into the distant past and try to trace how writing originated and developed.

III. Getting to know new material.

1. – Once upon a time, when no one knew how to read and write, people passed various objects to each other, by which it was necessary to determine what the owner wanted to communicate.

For example, one king once sent another a live frog, a bird, a mouse and five arrows (slide or photographs). What could this mean?

In fact, the king warned:If your warriors do not learn to jump through the swamp like frogs, fly like birds, dig holes like mice, then they will be bombarded with arrows.

This method of transmitting information is calledsubject letter.

How do you think, was the subject writing convenient? Why? (Difficult to decipher; interpretation may have double meanings).

2. It was inconvenient to transfer objects, then people began to draw them.

Listen to the story! The girl Taffy from the Indian tribe went fishing with her father. But soon the father’s spear with which he was harpooning the fish broke. Taffy thought it would be a good idea to send Mom a note asking her to send another spear.

It was very annoying that none of them could write or read! At this time, a Stranger was walking towards the tribe’s camp, who did not understand their language.

Taffy decided to send a note with him to her mother so that someone would bring a spear.

What did she decide to write the letter on? (On the bark of a tree)

With what? (With a sharp stone or a piece of a spear)

So, she scribbled these pictures: dad with a broken spear, a spear that needs to be brought, the Stranger himself with a spear in his hand so that he would not forget it.

To make it easier for him to find the way, the girl drew beavers that he would meet on the way. Finally she drew her mother with a spear in her hand. (Slide or drawing on the board)

All clear? So Taffy decided so...

However, the Stranger “read” these drawings in a completely different way. He thought that Taffy's father was the chief of the tribe and that he was in danger. (See, the spear is pointed at him from below) He thought: “If I do not bring the tribe of this great leader to his aid, he will be killed by the enemies who are creeping up on all sides.”
-Who did he take for enemies? (That's right, beavers!)
“I will go and bring his whole tribe to his aid!” - decided the Stranger

And it turned out really bad when the letter got to my mother! Mom understood it this way:

A stranger pierced her husband with a spear, Taffy was captured, and a whole gang of villains is guarding them!

- Who did mom take for the villains? (Exactly, the same beavers again).

Oh, and the Stranger got hit by the angry women of this tribe! And he could not explain anything to them: after all, he did not know their language...

Well, how did this matter end? When everything was revealed, everyone laughed for a long time, and the leader of the tribe said: “Oh, Girl-who-needs-a-good-spanking (now everyone began to call her Taffy), you have made a great discovery! The time will come when people will call it WRITING KNOWLEDGE!”

It was R. Kipling's fairy tale “How the First Letter Was Written”

IV. Fizminutka

V.Group work

Now we will work in groups. Each of you has a piece of paper with a picture. First you trace the pictures. Then fold them into one note. (The leaves are numbered). And then one representative of the group deciphers it.

(Text is collected from the proposed pictures, for example: “Piglet! Come visit me, we’ll drink tea, play ball, watch TV, build a tower out of cubes, I’ll give you a balloon. Winnie the Pooh”).

VI. -There are a lot of words in the language, which means there should also be a lot of pictures; it’s very difficult to come up with a sign for each word. Therefore, man made a new discovery - alphabetic writing. (Show cards with letters)

What is a letter? (Sign indicating sounds). The history of the word itself is interesting. It comes from the name of the beech tree, on the boards of which our ancestors made cuts - carved out signs.

Now all people write in letters. Soon you will come to school and learn all the letters.

VII. Practical work

And finally, we will make a souvenir for you. If you want to show your love to someone, what symbol do you usually use? (Heart) So we will make a small gift for our beloved mothers, grandmothers, fathers, neighbors... (A souvenir is made: a cheerful face is glued to the middle of the CD, with small hearts around it)

What did we get? (Subject letter)

VIII. Lesson results

– What did we learn today? Which letter came first? Which one is it now? Do other ways of writing remain in our lives?

Everything about everything. Volume 5 Likum Arkady

How did a person learn to write?

How did a person learn to write?

No one knows exactly where and when writing originated. We can only guess how it has developed since ancient times. The man began to draw pictures telling about hunting and war, about the life of tribes. Pictures were also used to convey messages. The image of the Sun meant day. Two marks next to the Sun indicated two days. These icons are called pictograms.

With the development of civilization, this method of writing was accelerated by simplifying pictures. The Egyptians used a wavy line to represent water. The Chinese drew an ear between two doors, which meant “listen.” Such signs were called ideographs or ideograms. The ancient Egyptians used a system we call hieroglyphs. At first it was a completely ideographic system. But over the course of centuries, the Egyptians also created a phonetic system, that is, signs that meant the sounds of speech, and not only depicted objects or phenomena.

With the development of civilization, a need arose for a large number of signs. This is how the method of writing words according to their sounds arose. Signs that convey sounds are called phonemes. Words can be divided into syllables. The next stage in the development of writing was the creation of the alphabet. The ancient Egyptians and Babylonians knew how to write alphabetically. Using their method, the Greek and Latin alphabets were created, which are widely used throughout the world, with the exception of Asian countries.

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