Nature, society, man outline of a social studies lesson (8th grade) on the topic. Nature, society, man outline of a social studies lesson (8th grade) on the topic A specific stage of human development

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Lesson topic: Man, society, nature

1. Prove that man is a biosocial being?

2. What are the main differences between humans and animals?

3. How does a person realize himself in society?

Practical task: write down in two columns from the list below the signs characteristic of a person

Inherited traits Traits acquired by a person throughout life

Ability to defend; the ability to treat others as oneself; ability to stock up for future use; the ability to distinguish good from bad; ability to build housing; a certain oval face; ability to move; ability to think; ability to satisfy hunger, ability to hear, ability to paint

Plan for studying a new topic: Nature and its significance in human life; Is man the top of the pyramid or a link in the chain?

Nature is the world around us in all its endless manifestations

Nature is the biosphere of our planet, i.e. the earth's shell, engulfed in life

Nature is the natural habitat of humans

“Suppose we accidentally killed a mouse. This means that all future descendants of the mouse will not exist... If 10 mice are not enough, one fox will die. Ten foxes less...insects and vultures will die, and countless forms of life will perish.”

Is man the crown of nature?

1. Man is endowed with reason

2. The ability to accumulate information, generalize it and create something that does not exist in nature

3.Creating your own laws, among which moral requirements came first

Or is a person a link in a chain?

1. Man has intelligence, but can he take advantage of this?

Man treats nature as a workshop in which he is allowed to manage without control

Essay topic: Is man the crown of nature or a link in the chain?

Homework: §2, creative assignments on the topic: “Global environmental problems of our time”, “Organizations created to protect nature”

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Presentation "Man, society, nature" 6th grade

This presentation is intended for a social studies lesson in the 6th grade (textbook by Kravchenko A.I., Pevtsova E.A.) Presentation objectives: 1. lead students to an understanding of the relationship between man and nature.2. capable...

• Nature and man - do they need each other?
• What do science fiction writers warn about?
• When will natural reserves run out?
• Does reason contribute to the preservation of humanity as a species?

What is nature? Nature is the natural habitat of humans. Of course, we can also imagine a fantastic situation where people will be forced to create and live in some kind of artificial underground or alien world, where, with the help of the most complex technology, the necessary conditions for human existence will be created: the required temperature, pressure, air circulation, etc.

And even if we imagine that people will be able to adapt to these conditions and their race will not end, then, obviously, something essential will be lost. We read about the irresistible craving for the colors of the earth, for the warmth of the sun among children taken by their parents to rainy Venus and forced to spend almost all their time in shelters in the story of the American writer R. Bradbury “All Summer in One Day.” In the short interval between the rains, at that rare hour when the sun appears, the children left their basement. “The guys, laughing, threw themselves onto the continuous growth, as if on a living, elastic mattress... They rushed between the trees, slid and fell, pushed, played hide and seek and tag, but most importantly, frowning again and again, they looked at the sun until they began to run tears, and stretched their hands to the golden radiance and to the unprecedented blue, and inhaled this amazing freshness... And suddenly... Rare cold drops fell on the nose, on the cheeks, on the lips. The sun was obscured by a foggy haze. A cold wind blew. The guys turned and walked towards their basement house, their hands hung limply, they no longer smiled.”

Nature is a huge (until recently, seemingly inexhaustible) storehouse of those resources that people need in production activities and in everyday life. Active waterfalls, navigable rivers, forests, ore, metals, coal - all this is actively used by people. If people now refuse to use, for example, fossil hydrocarbons - oil, coal - and civilization will collapse. We will go back to the Stone Age again.

Thus, nature serves as the natural basis for the life of human society. Therefore, trying to understand the social essence of man and his diverse connections with society, we cannot ignore questions about the role of nature in the formation and development of people, about their place among other living beings inhabiting our planet, about the influence of human economic activity on natural processes, on the environment.

What is nature? Scientists use this word in two meanings. The first - broader - nature as the world around us in all its endless variety of manifestations. The second is nature as the biosphere of our planet, that is, the earth’s shell, engulfed in life. Life on Earth exists in forests, steppes and deserts, in the ocean and fresh water bodies, in high mountains and soil. Where neither plants nor animals can live, bacteria live, many of which do not need oxygen.

Human connection with nature. Let's turn to the biblical parable about the creation of the world. According to it, God created plants, animals, birds on different days and in such a way that they had nothing in common with each other: they were all created “according to their kind.” Man is a special matter. The Almighty created him in his own image. Thus, religious teaching, explaining the creation of the world adapted for human life, divided it into the inhabitants of earth, water, and air. Scientific knowledge speaks of the unity of the world. All living things on Earth are connected by the strongest ties of natural kinship and close interaction with each other. We will not present here the entire amount of scientific evidence of this fact. You will learn about them in biology lessons. Let us recall another famous story by R. Bradbury, “And the Thunder Rolled.” His characters used a time machine to travel to the distant past, 60 million years ago, to hunt dinosaurs. The company organizing such trips, it would seem, has taken everything into account so that guests from the future do not damage anything living in the primeval forest where the hunters will arrive. Here’s how one of the characters reasons: “Suppose we accidentally killed a mouse here. This means that all future descendants of this mouse will no longer exist - right?.. If ten mice are not enough, one fox will die. Ten foxes less... - all kinds of insects and vultures will die, an innumerable number of life forms will perish. And here's the result: after 59 million years, a caveman, one of the dozen that inhabit the whole world, driven by hunger, goes hunting for a wild boar or a saber-toothed tiger. But alas, my friend, by crushing one mouse, they thereby crushed all the tigers in these places. And the caveman dies of hunger. And this man... not just one person, no! This is a whole future people.” This man would have ten sons. A hundred would come from them, and so on, and a whole civilization would arise. Destroy one person and you will destroy an entire tribe, a people, a historical civilization. These arguments turned out to be prophetic. One of the travelers, leaving a specially laid path, accidentally crushed a butterfly. The consequences of this were reflected in the entire chain of subsequent events. The heroes realized this when they returned to their time.

The story was written by a science fiction writer. However, it is very instructive. How easy it is to break the connections that exist in nature, what irreversible consequences this can lead to. A person actively invading nature should always remember this. The great Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky believed that the time would come when the further development of the planet, and therefore of human society, would be guided by reason. The biosphere will gradually turn into the sphere of the mind. Later, a special term was coined - noosphere (translated from Latin - mind). The noosphere is understood as the area of ​​the planet covered by human activity and intelligent activity.

Does this mean that in the era of the noosphere, man will begin to reign supreme over nature, completely subordinating it to the development of civilization? No. Entry into this sphere presupposes, first of all, a change in man’s relationship with nature, such an organization of social life and production that can ensure harmony in the development of nature and society. Time will tell if this is possible.

Is man the crown of nature? Science has proven that the entire modern organic world, plants and animals, and therefore humans, are products of a development process that lasted millions of years.

What place did the emerging man take in the natural world? The ancient Chinese arranged all living beings in the form of a ladder: plants at the bottom, fish higher, animals even higher and humans, of course, on the top step. Since then, science has come a long way. However, people's general ideas about evolution as a ladder leading upward, on the last step of which man stands, have changed little. Man is the king of nature, its crown. This is how people themselves determined their place in the sun. And for a long time nothing could shake these ideas. On the contrary, more and more new evidence was provided.

Firstly, man is endowed with reason. This allowed him to make a giant leap in exploring the world. In history lessons, you already learned how much even primitive man could do compared to other living creatures on Earth: he hunted collectively, used fire, created artificial tools from wood, flint, and bone.

Secondly, the ability to accumulate information about many specific phenomena and generalize it has opened up the opportunity for man to create something that does not exist in nature. This “second nature” created by the knowledge and labor of people, according to M. Gorky, is “culture in the precise and true sense of the word.”

Thirdly, the emerging human society began to obey its own laws, among which the requirements of morality came first. This was a huge step in the development of humanity. How and why was it made? Here is how the famous scientist academician N.N. Moiseev answers this question: “In the beginning, man developed like all living things: difficult living conditions and natural selection were the reason for the rapid individual improvement of the primordial man. But then rapid individual development slowed down and, finally, stopped altogether: for tens of thousands of years, a person practically does not change*. The scientist further notes that the reason for this was the work, thanks to which Australopithecus (a representative of a species of terrestrial primates) was able to transform into a person of a modern physical form - homo sapiens (from Latin - a reasonable person). Knowledge and labor are what gradually became the guarantee of life for primitive tribes. Their representative, a bearer of knowledge and skills, mastering the secrets of the craft, usually turned out to be far from the bravest and strongest. And he was unlikely to be able to defend himself in the brutal struggle for survival. But it was this representative of primitive society that contributed most to the prosperity of this society. And it had to take him under its wing. The principle “thou shalt not kill” is gradually becoming a general prohibition among those primitive tribes whose descendants now inhabit the planet. And those who did not accept him were mercilessly erased from the face of the Earth by history.

Moral norms began to regulate people's relationships. This means that humanity has risen to a new stage of development - from the primitive herd to the social organization of people.

Thus, the power of the human mind, getting rid of the laws of wild nature, and the creation of a grandiose cultural building have led many to the conclusion that man is a higher being and lives according to his own laws, and nature is the source of resources for human life.

This means that the question posed at the end of the title of this text can be completely replaced with an exclamation mark.

However, let's not rush. It is human nature to doubt. And this is also one of the manifestations of his intelligence.

Top of the pyramid or link in the chain? We have already given the arguments of those who are convinced that man is the “crown of nature,” capable of disposing of it at his own discretion. However, there is another point of view, according to which man is only a link in a long chain of development of nature, which does not have a directional movement from simple to complex, and other organisms can replace man.

What arguments do its supporters put forward in defense of this point of view? Firstly, the very concept of progress (movement from simple to complex) was invented by people. Nature does not know any purposeful movement, otherwise it must be endowed with reason (only intelligent beings put forward a goal). Secondly, the division into simple and complex organisms is quite relative. It is difficult, for example, to even decide who is more difficult - a bee or a fish. A person, of course, is more complex than a blue-green algae, but none of his organs, perhaps, can be compared in complexity with the sucking apparatus of a bug.

Thirdly, the paleontological record of the planet contains stories about how many groups of animals disappeared, how giant amphibians were replaced by lizards, and then they too died out mysteriously quickly. But life did not disappear. New hosts came - mammals, and one of the branches raised a human. Conditions changed, and those groups of organisms that were better able to adapt to these changes won. Woe to the vanquished... Life does not stop. On this path we see the slow rise of some groups, quick takeoffs, and rapid crashes. Man, as a biological species, claiming to be the next king of nature, has an important advantage over his predecessors - intelligence. But will he be able to take advantage of this?

Fourthly, a person is endowed with reason, but does not always perform reasonable actions. This is primarily manifested in his attitude towards nature only as a workshop in which he is allowed to manage uncontrollably. Today we have to pay for such an attitude.

So, both sides presented their arguments. Which position did you choose? Or maybe you have your own, special point of view on the place of man on the “ladder of living beings”, on the problem of evolution, its progressive orientation?

Basic Concepts

• Nature, biosphere, natural habitat.

Terms

• Noosphere, “second nature”.

Self-test questions

1. Expand the basic meanings of the concept “nature”.
2. What is the role of nature in human life and society?
3. How is the natural unity of the world expressed?
4. What is the meaning of the concept “noosphere”?
5. How, according to V. Vernadsky, are the biosphere and noosphere connected?
6. What possibilities has the mind opened up for humanity?
7. In your opinion, is the statement correct: nature created man and society, and society created culture? Give reasons for your answer.
8. What is the significance of moral norms and prohibitions in the life of society?
9. Is progress inherent in the development of nature? Explain your conclusion.
10. What is the unreasonable attitude of man towards nature?

Tasks

1. Show, using examples known to you, the influence of natural conditions on people’s economic activities. Is this connection strengthening or weakening? Explain why.
2. Analyze what in R. Bradbury’s story “And the Thunder Rolled” can be classified as pure fantasy, and in what ways the author showed himself to be a deep realist.
3. Bacteria can live in places and at temperatures that humans cannot withstand. They have existed for billions of years, and there is no reason why they should cease to exist. Sea turtles, which have a brain the size of a pea, appeared on Earth much earlier than humans and survived many natural disasters that destroyed more “intelligent” species. Humanity, having emerged relatively recently by the standards of biological evolution, has already put its existence in jeopardy.

   Think about whether, based on these facts, it is possible to conclude that the role of intelligence in the preservation of the species is insignificant. Justify your conclusion.

4. Try to explain the following fact: is it an indicator of the presence of consciousness in animals?

   American anthropologists in one of the zoos taught orangutans sign language. An orangutan named Chaptek learned, for example, that for cleaning his premises he gets coins that he can spend on treats; plastic chips were initially used as money. Chaptek decided to increase his cash reserves by breaking each chip in half. Then tokens became money. Chaptek began to find pieces of foil and tried to counterfeit “money.”

5. You read in the newspaper: “After the typhoon, the beach was covered with a thick layer of rotting algae. Thousands of bivalves washed ashore. Hundreds of birds died. Eight fishermen were injured, one of them was taken to hospital in serious condition.”

   Human sacrifices are incommensurate with those suffered by birds and sea inhabitants, and there is no need to talk about algae. The more opportunities there are to preserve each individual life of a biological species, the higher its place on the “ladder of progress.”

   Express your opinion on this point of view.

About nature and man, seriously and not so seriously

“Nature is the only history whose content is equally significant on all its pages”:
- - - J. W. Goethe (1749-1832) - German poet, philosopher, scientist.

“The joy of seeing and understanding is the most beautiful gift of nature”:
- - - A. Einstein (1879-1955) - German theoretical physicist.

“The monkey didn’t just turn into a human, it became a human through its own labor.”
- - - D. Rudny (1926-1983) - Ukrainian writer.

Social studies, 8th grade

Lesson No. 02

Man, society, nature

D.Z.: § 2, ?? (p. 18), tasks (p. 18-19), “Remember” to § 3, fill out the table “Man is the crown of nature”

© A.I. Kolmakov

Lesson objectives:

• To bring students to the understanding that the well-being and prosperity of the country depends on their choice of activities and awareness of personal responsibility for the environment.
• To create a basis for the formation in schoolchildren of an environmental culture, knowledge about the importance of nature in human life and society, the impact of human economic activity on the environment, the mechanisms and regulators of this activity.
• To promote the development of the following universal learning activities in students: predicting the result; putting forward hypotheses and their substantiation; search and evaluation of alternative ways to solve the problem.

Know and be able to (KUD)

• Disclose the meaning of the concept “noosphere”.
• Evaluate statement about the connection between nature and society and argue your assessment.
• Characterize capabilities of the human mind.
• Disclose the meaning of moral standards.
• Concretize using examples of the influence of natural conditions on people.
• Analyze And evaluate text from given positions.
• Analyze facts and justify conclusions drawn

Concepts, terms

• biosphere;
• noosphere;
• nature;
• man is the crown of nature;

Testing students' knowledge

1. What do the words mean: “Man is a biosocial being”?

2. What human qualities are of a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?

3. How is the creative nature of human activity manifested?

4. What is the relationship between thinking and speech?

5. How are human abilities manifested?

6. What is human self-realization?

7. Why is human self-realization possible only through activity?

Learning new material

• What is nature?
• .
• Man's place in the natural world .

Let's remember. Let's think about it.

• LET'S REMEMBER. What is an environmental crisis? What natural resources do you know? What use does a person find for them? What natural resources are considered exhaustible? What should be the relationship of man to nature? Do you share the opinion that people have a responsibility to take care of nature? If yes, then why and how should concern be shown?
• LET'S THINK. Will the natural properties of humans change in the distant future?

What is nature?

Three meanings of the term “nature” in the philosophical understanding:

• in a wide - everything that exists , the whole world in all the diversity of its forms and infinity of manifestations;
• in a narrow - biosphere , i.e. “area of ​​life”, the earth's shell, engulfed in life ;
• nature like everything that arose and is capable of developing outside of human activity ( living and inanimate nature existed long before the appearance of man ).

What is nature?

exercise

meaning of the term "nature"

in biology

in geography

in social studies

Thus man emerged from nature; culture and material production shaped the social essence of man and society.

What is nature?

The human environment and its components

We read about the irresistible craving for the colors of the earth, for the warmth of the sun among children taken by their parents to rainy Venus and forced to spend almost all their time in shelters in the story of the American writer R. Bradbury “All Summer in One Day.”

On p. 14, read an excerpt from R. Bradbury’s story “All Summer in One Day.”

What does the author teach? What natural resources do people use and for what purposes? What do you know about the problem of their depletion? What's the danger in this? What to do to avoid this danger? Give examples of a careful and humane attitude towards nature.

Human-environment interaction

Since ancient times there has been two approaches to the surrounding world - theoretical and mythopoetic . The latter is most clearly expressed in art, but it is not at all a monopoly of art.

The mythopoetic perception of the world was dominant in archaic and ancient cultures and is becoming less and less accessible to people of modern technical civilization.

You can see the world around us, the earth as a warehouse of minerals, as a storehouse of energy, and this will be theoretically completely justified, but not a cultural attitude.

But you can see in nature not just dead matter, not just the earth as a source of crops, but also the earth as a mother.

Gubin V.D., Russian philosopher

Human-environment interaction

• Read in the textbook (p.15) excerpt from the story R. Bradbury “And Thunder Rolled” and answer the questions:
• What problem is stated in the story?
• Is the author's position visible in this story? If yes, which one?
• Do you share it? Why? Explain your answer.
• What is our personal responsibility to the world around us?

Human-environment interaction

• IN great Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky believed that the time would come when the further development of the planet, and therefore of human society, would be directed intelligence ohm Biosphere will gradually turn into the sphere of reason. Later a new term was coined - noosphere (from lat. - mind). The noosphere is understood as the area of ​​the planet covered by intelligent human activity.
• IN entering this era presupposes, first of all, a change in man’s relationship to nature, such an organization of social life and production in which it is possible ensure harmony between nature and society .

• Let's work in pairs!
• Exercise: For a long time, the prevailing opinion in society was that man stands at the last stage of evolutionary development.

• What arguments did the supporters of this position refer to? (see pp. 16-17 of the textbook) and what is the essence of each argument? Which position did you choose? Or maybe you have your own, special point of view on the place of man on the “ladder of living beings”, on the problem of evolution, its progressive orientation?

Man's place in the natural world. Is man the crown of nature?

• Firstly, Human endowed with intelligence .
• Secondly, He knows how to accumulate information about many specific phenomena, generalize it, create something that does not exist in nature .
• Third, emergent human society began to obey its own laws , among which the requirements came first morality .

Humanity has risen to a new stage of development - from the primitive herd to the social organization of people.

First point of view

The power of the human mind, getting rid of the laws of the wild, and the creation of a grandiose cultural building have led many to the conclusion that man is a higher being and lives according to his own laws, and nature is the source of resources for human life.

Second point of view

Man is only a link in a long chain of development of nature, which does not have a directional movement from simple to complex, and other organisms can replace man.

Firstly, itself concept of progress (movements from simple to complex) people came up with. Nature does not know any purposeful movement, otherwise it must be endowed with reason.

Secondly, enough relatively divided into simple and complex organisms.

Third, The fossil record of the planet contains stories of how many groups of animals disappeared , how giant amphibians were replaced by lizards, and then they died out. Life goes on!!!

Is the earth possible without humans?

Fourthly, a person is endowed with reason, but does not always perform reasonable actions . Today a person has to pay for a thoughtless attitude.

Man's place in the natural world. Is man the crown of nature?

Man, you are part of nature! Take care of the environment in which you live!

check yourself

1. What are the main meanings of the concept “nature”?

2. How is the natural unity of the world expressed?

3. What is the role of nature in human life and society?

4. How, according to Vernadsky, are the biosphere and noosphere connected?

5. What possibilities has the mind opened up for humanity?

6. Is progress inherent in the development of nature?

7. What is the unreasonable attitude of man towards nature?

reflection

• What did you learn?
• How?
• What have you learned?
• What difficulties did you experience?
• Was the lesson interesting?

Social studies test Man, society, nature for 8th grade students. The test is designed to test knowledge on the topic Personality and Society. The test consists of 3 parts. In part 1 - 10 tasks, in part 2 - 4 tasks and in part 3 - 1 task (4 questions).

1. Select the incorrect statement.

1) nature is the natural habitat of humans
2) nature is everything that arose together with man
3) by nature we mean the biosphere of planet Earth
4) nature is the defining properties of an object that express its essence

2. The shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms and under their influence, is called

1) biosphere
2) atmosphere
3) noosphere
4) hydrosphere

3. The area of ​​planet Earth covered by intelligent human activity is

1) biosphere
2) lithosphere
3) hydrosphere
4) noosphere

4. The highest type of mental activity

1) understanding
2) behavior
3) mind
4) genius

5. Most researchers believe that the mind is the result of work

1) hearts
2) endocrine system
3) brain
4) nervous system

6. Choose the wrong expression.

1) civilization as a stage of development of society is characterized by its separation from nature
2) in the primitive era, society lived according to strict rules of behavior, which researchers call mononorms
3) in primitive society people were guided by moral standards
4) the emergence of the state meant the transition of humanity from the primitive herd to the social organization of people

7. Choose the wrong expression.

1) morality was developed during human evolution to curb excessive individualism
2) morality expresses personal or social values
3) morality is one of the social regulators of human behavior
4) morality is established by the state and supported by its coercive force

8. Anthropologists call modern man

1) a skilled person
2) homo erectus
3) a working person
4) a reasonable person

9. Most researchers believe that the biological species of modern humans first appeared in

1) Africa
2) Europe
3) Asia
4) Australia

10. Developed a biological theory of human origins

1) V.I. Vernadsky
2) C. Darwin
3) Voltaire
4) E. Fromm

1. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept social regulators of human behavior in society .
Morality, religion, abilities, traditions, customs.
Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.

2. Establish a correspondence between Latin terms meaning stages of human evolution as a biological species and similar terms in Russian: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

Latin terms

A) Homo hablis
B) Homo erectus
B) Homo neanderthalensis
D) Homo sapiens

Terms in Russian

1) homo erectus
2) Neanderthal
3) a reasonable person
4) a skillful person

3. Establish a correspondence between the biosphere, noosphere and their elements.

A) morality
B) ecosystem
B) the lower part of the atmosphere
D) mind

1) biosphere
2) noosphere

4. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

“The first __________ (1) of man were a stone and a stick. People earned their livelihood by hunting and __________ (2). The most important stage in human development was the appearance of __________ (3). People have learned to express abstract __________ (4) water in general , beast in general . This led to the opportunity to teach offspring ___ (5), and not just by example, to plan actions before the hunt, and not during it, etc.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

A) gathering
B) tools
B) agriculture
D) language
D) cattle breeding
E) concepts
G) words

Under each number, write down the letter corresponding to the word you chose.

1. Read an excerpt from Jack London's story "Love of Life" and complete the tasks.

“He heard some snoring behind him—either a sigh or a cough. Very slowly, overcoming extreme weakness and numbness, he turned over to the other side. He saw nothing nearby and began to wait patiently. Again he heard sniffling and coughing, and between two pointed stones, no more than twenty steps away, he saw the gray head of a wolf. The ears did not stick up, as he had seen in other wolves, the eyes were clouded and bloodshot, the head hung helplessly. The wolf was probably sick: he was sneezing and coughing all the time.
At least it doesn’t seem like it, he thought and again turned on the other side to see the real world, not now obscured by the haze of visions. But the sea still sparkled in the distance, and the ship was clearly visible. Perhaps this is real after all? He closed his eyes and began to think - and in the end he realized what was the matter. He walked northeast, away from the Dease River, and ended up in the Coppermine River valley. This wide, slow river was the Coppermine. This shining sea is the Arctic Ocean. This ship is
a whaling ship sailing far east of the mouth of the Mackenzie River, it is anchored in Coronation Bay. He remembered the map of the Hudson's Bay Company that he had seen once, and everything became clear and understandable.
He sat down and began to think about the most urgent matters. The wrappings of the blanket were completely worn out, and his legs were stripped to living flesh. The last blanket was used up. He lost his gun and knife. The hat was also missing, but the matches in the pouch behind his bosom, wrapped in parchment, remained intact and not damp. He looked at his watch. They were still walking and showed eleven o'clock. He must have remembered to wind them up.
He was calm and fully conscious. Despite the terrible weakness, he did not feel any pain. He didn't want to eat. The thought of food was even unpleasant to him, and everything he did was done at the behest of his reason. He tore off his trouser legs to the knees and tied them around his feet. For some reason he didn’t throw the bucket: he would have to drink boiling water before starting the journey to the ship - a very difficult one, as he foresaw.”

1) Define the concept nature . Make up two sentences with this concept that reveal its meaning.

2) Jack London's story "Love of Life" tells the story of human survival in the wild. Abandoned by a friend, the hero of the story walks across the Canadian tundra. Along the way, he overcomes various difficulties, and at the end of the story he is forced to enter into a fight with an old and sick wolf, from which he emerges victorious. Based on the above passage, write at least three qualities of a traveler that helped him survive in wildlife without the help of other people.

3) Write three examples of the positive influence of society on nature.

4) Select one from the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning by identifying the problem posed by the author (the topic raised); formulate your attitude towards the position taken by the author; justify this relationship. When expressing your thoughts on various aspects of the problem raised (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and data public life and one's own life experience.

1. “Everything that is against nature is also against reason, and everything that is against reason is absurd, and therefore must be rejected” ( B. Spinoza).
2. “Nature surrounds man with darkness and forces him to eternally strive for light” ( I.V. Goethe).
3. “Nature created its creations in pursuit of its goals, but its goals are bonds and chains for man” ( M. Gorky).

Answers to the social studies test Man society nature
Part 1
1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-3, 5-3, 6-3, 7-4, 8-4, 9-1, 10-2.
Part 2
1-ability
2-4123
3-2112
4-BAGAGE

>> Man, society, nature

6. Man, society, nature

The relationship between man, society and nature

Man, society and nature are interconnected. Man simultaneously lives in nature and in society, is a biological and social being.

In social studies, nature is understood as the natural habitat of humans. It can be called the biosphere or the active shell of the Earth, creating and protecting life on our planet. It is a system of plants and animals that has existed for 4 billion years and has managed to adapt to climate change.

Nature gives man the resources to satisfy his needs, maintain physical and spiritual strength, and health. It plays a big role in people's economic activities. How did the interaction develop?
human society with nature?

Interaction between human society and nature

The history of the settlement of planet Earth by people shows how the impact of their economic activities on nature gradually grew and what consequences it led to.

In the early stages of history, in the conditions of an appropriating economy, man adapted to nature and could not cause serious harm to it. With the transition of the main part of humanity to a productive economy (livestock breeding and agriculture), the state of nature began to deteriorate. By plowing the earth, man dried out the soil and burned out forests. Herds of animals trampled vast expanses of steppes. In the Middle Ages, the population grew, metal tools, shifting agriculture, the development of shipbuilding, and construction became widespread. Metal processing, the emergence of cities, the development of agriculture and crafts increased the load on the land. The depletion of soils and pastures and the reduction of forest area began. The negative impact of human economic activity has especially intensified in the era of industrial society.

After the industrial revolution of the 18th century, the factory industry began to develop, the number of cities increased, and underground mining of mineral raw materials became widespread. A significant increase in population, ongoing industrialization and the scientific and technological revolution led in the 20th century to the disruption of the natural human environment and to the brewing of a conflict between human society and nature - an ecological crisis.

This crisis at the end of the 20th century differs from the environmental crises of the past that affected certain areas of our planet. It is of a planetary nature.

What is its danger to nature and humanity? The world's population and its consumption levels are growing. In the modern world, in 15 years, as many natural resources are consumed as were used by humanity during its entire previous existence. As a result, the area of ​​forests and land suitable for agriculture is decreasing. Climate changes are occurring, which can lead to a deterioration in living conditions on the planet. Environmental changes negatively affect people's health. New diseases are appearing, the carriers of which (germs, viruses and fungi) become more dangerous due to increasing population density and weakening of the human immune system.

The diversity of flora and fauna is decreasing, and this threatens the stability of the earth's shell - the biosphere. Since the early 1980s, on average, one animal species (or subspecies) has disappeared every day, and a plant species has disappeared every week. Scientific and technological progress generates increasingly powerful sources of destruction and pollution of the natural environment. Every year, about 1 billion tons of fuel equivalent are burned, hundreds of millions of tons of harmful substances, soot, ash, and dust are released into the atmosphere. Soils and waters become clogged with industrial and domestic wastewater, oil products, mineral fertilizers, and radioactive waste.

How to reduce or completely eliminate negative impacts on the environment and maintain ecological order?

The World Conservation Union was created, and the international public organization Greenpeace (Green World) became widely known. Environmental scientists call on humanity to self-restraint, to sustainable economic development that does not lead to the destruction of nature.

Nature protection should be carried out by state authorities, industrialists, public organizations and citizens.

Many countries have developed national environmental programs and adopted environmental protection laws.

Our country actively participates in international activities in the field of wildlife conservation. In Russia, legislative acts have been adopted that define the rules of environmental behavior of industrial enterprises, organizations, and citizens. These rules are reflected in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Environmental Protection”.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 42) enshrines the right of citizens to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition, as well as to compensation for damage caused to health or property by environmental violations. The Constitution of the Russian Federation also enshrines the duty of a citizen to preserve nature and the environment, and to treat natural resources with care.

According to the provisions of the Law “On Environmental Protection”, citizens are obliged to take part in environmental protection, comply with the requirements of laws on environmental protection, and increase natural resources through personal work. The responsibilities of citizens also include increasing the level of knowledge about nature and promoting environmental education of younger generations. Violation of environmental protection rules during industrial and construction work, pollution of water, atmosphere, marine environment, soil damage, mass destruction of flora and fauna entails criminal liability.

Further Reading

Red book of nature

The Red Book is a list of rare and endangered species of plants and animals. It contains documentary data on the distribution, causes of population decline and extinction of individual species. The collection of information for the Red Book was started by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1949. In 1966, the first volumes of the Red Book were published. In a number of countries (Australia, USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan) national Red Data Books have been created. Based on the lists, the Red Book of the USSR (1984) was published.

Russia is developing a system of nature reserves and national parks and implementing national programs to save rare species of animals. In 1997, the federal program for the conservation of the Amur tiger began to operate, and an industry program for the conservation, restoration and use of the bison was prepared.

Let's sum it up

Nature is the natural habitat of humans. In the early stages of history, man adapted to nature and did not cause serious harm to it. The negative impact of human economic activity on nature has intensified in the era of industrial society.

Test your knowledge

1. What is nature?
2. How has the interaction of human society with nature changed?
3. Give examples of human behavior that has harmed nature.
4. Why is environmental protection one of the main tasks of modern society?
5. What does the right of citizens to a favorable environment mean?
6. What does the duty to preserve and protect nature mean?
7. What measures is humanity taking to protect the environment? Can they be considered effective and sufficient? When answering, use the text from the additional reading “The Red Book of Nature.”

Workshop

Having united in groups, prepare projects aimed at protecting nature on one of the proposed topics:
“Nature protection zones in our area, yard”;
“Rules of environmental behavior of schoolchildren”;
“Charter of the school association “Green Movement”;
“Scenario for the class (school) event “Earth Day.”

Kravchenko A.I., Pevtsova E.A., Social studies: Textbook for 6th grade of educational institutions. - 12th ed. - M.: LLC "TID "Russian Word - RS", 2009. - 184 p.